Bio 10 Final Exam Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
In plants, a cuticle:
A
-resists water loss
-covers epidermal cells.
-contains waxes
-resists attack by microorganisms.
2
Q
The relationship between a plant and
mycorrhizal fungus is best described as
___________.
A
mutualistic
3
Q
the differences
between primary and secondary plant growth?
A
-secondary growth is related to growth in width
-primary growth is related to growth in length
- primary growth is due to the division of the shoot and
root tip
-secondary growth is due to the division of the vascular
cambium
4
Q
An example of mechanical digestion?
A
chewing
5
Q
the following are associated with the movement of materials already in the phloem.
A
-movement is from source-to-sink.
-pressure flow is responsible for movement of sugars within the phloem.
-water flows into the phloem in response to a concentration gradient when sugar accumulates in the phloem
6
Q
Plasma is primarily composed of
________.
A
Water
7
Q
All veins carry ____________.
A
blood toward the heart
8
Q
Deserts and arctic tundra are similar in
several ways.
A
-low annual rainfall
-extreme climates with short growing
seasons
-heavy plant competition for water
-dry air
9
Q
A community differs from an ecosystem in that
a community does NOT include
A
Abiotic (nonliving) factors.
10
Q
Producers uptake ______ molecules and use
energy from ______ to convert them into
_____ molecules.
A
energy-poor; sunlight; energy-rich
11
Q
In the food chain, grass → antelope →
human → lion, the antelope is
A
both an herbivore and a primary
consumer.
12
Q
Competitive exclusion is based on the idea
that
A
no two species can completely occupy the same niche.
13
Q
an interaction in which one member of a pair benefits while
the other is harmed?
A
parasitism.
14
Q
Type I survivorship curves are typical of
species that exhibit ______.
A
few offspring and good parental care
15
Q
What will most likely happen to a population when the size of the population far overshoots their carrying capacity? (such as the deer on St. Matthew’s island)
A
the population crashes.
16
Q
In ecosystems, the factors that tend to reduce the size of some populations, regardless of how large the population is, are called
A
Density-independent factors.
17
Q
Dermal tissue
A
-Forms an outer protective covering
-Dermal cells secrete a waxy cuticle
-make root hairs for the water to be absorbed
18
Q
vascular tissue
A
Transport tissue includes:
Xylem -transports water and minerals
phloem -Transports sugars
19
Q
Ground Tissue
A
Mesophyll
-in leaves, site of PSN
Cortex
-in roots, storage, and metabolic processes
20
Q
Mycorrhizal
A
-Thread-like strands surround the root, greatly increasing the absorptive surface area
-symbiotic mutualism between young plant root and fungus
21
Q
Root nodules
A
-Swelling on roots
-Contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria
22
Q
Role of the Casparian strip
A
waxy band creates barrier
23
Q
Role of the endodermis
A
regulates what enters vascular tissue
24
Q
The function of the plant cuticle.
A
-A water permeability barrier that prevents evaporation of water from the epidermal surface and also prevents external water and solutes from entering the tissues
- is a protecting film covering the outermost skin layer (epidermis) of leaves,
25
function of roots
Functions:
-anchorage and support
-minerals, nutrient and water absorption
-reproduction
-food storage
26
function of Stems
Functions:
-supports and holds leaves, flowers, and fruits.
-arrange leaves to receive direct sunlight and gas exchange
-The xylem and phloem present in the vascular bundles of stems conduct water and minerals across the plant.
-Few green stems contain chloroplasts and are capable of carrying out photosynthesis as well.
27
Structure of leaves
Epidermis:
-water and an air-tight surface of the leaf
Stomata:
-pores on the underside of the leaf
-allows for gas exchange, but water is lost as well
28
Function of leaves
-Give protection to reproductive organs like stamen and stigma.
-Attract pollinators with their bright colors.
-Help the plant to bear fruits and seeds after reproduction.
-In nature, it is the key point for a new generation to come.
-Most of all, it provides food.
29
Meristem tissue
-cells divide every 12-36 hours
-adds cells to root length and root cap
30
Primary growth
elongation of stem and roots
31
Secondary growth
-growth in plant width
-woody plant tissue
32
Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension mechanism
-water evaporates from cells in the leaf and out of stomata (transpiration)
-water molecules stick to one another (cohesion) and to the walls of xylem cells (adhesion)
-this creates a tension on water, pulls water molecules up through the xylem
33
Stomata
-pores on the underside of the leaf
-allows for gas exchange, but water is lost as well
-water pressure -> stoma open; lack of water -> stoma closes
-low CO2 opens stomata; high CO2 in leaf closes stomata
34
xylem
transports water and minerals
35
phloem
transports sugars
36
companion cells
Found in the phloem cells of a plant are companion cells. Companion cells are a type of parenchyma cell. Parenchyma cells are parts of the ground tissue of plants. The cell walls of these cells are typically thinner than most other cell walls. These cells make up the majority of the plant.
37
The pressure-Flow mechanism in plants.
-Translocation of sugars through the phloem
-movement is described as the source to sink
-sugar source: a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar
-sugar sink: a plant organ that is a net consumer or store of sugar
38
Process of pressure-Flow mechanism
1. sugar is loaded from a source cell to the phloem via active transport.
2. sugar conc. increase, water moves in via osmosis
-pressure builds, pushing sugar solution from source to sink.
3. at the sink cell, sugar unloaded out of the phloem
4. water moves back into the xylem
39
Intracellular digestion
-Enzymes break down food inside cells
-phagocytosis
-food can only be smaller than organisms cells
40
Extracellular digestion
-Nutrients are broken down outside the cell (in specialized compartments)
-pre-digested food gets absorbed by cells
-outside the cells
41
Incomplete digestive system
-cavity or sac with single opening -> serves as mouth and anus "manus"
-Gastrouscular cavity
42
Complete digestive system
-tube extending between two opening
-mouth and anus
-regions of specialization along the tube
-"alimentary canal" or "Digestive tract."
43
Examples of animals with highly modified digestive systems
Birds:
-crop: stores food prior to digestion
-stomach: secrestes enzymes for digestion
-gizzard: muscular organ, that grinds food (like teeth)
44
Human stomach
-mixes and store food
-digests food: chyme
-controls passage to the small intestine
-mechanicl digestion: the action of muscular stomach walls
-Chemical diestion: pepsin breaks down proteins
-HCC (kills pathogens)
-mucus (protection)
45
absorbed in the small intestine
Villi:
-finger-like projections on the wall of the intestine
Microvilli:
-tiny projections on the epithelial cells of the villi
-absorption occurs across microvilli
-active transport, diffusion
46
Carnivores (cat) teeth
-incisors: reduced
-canines: enlarged
-molars: reduced, have cutting edge
47
Rodents (rat) teeth
-incisors: huge, gnaw food
-canines: absent
-molars: grind food
48
Grazing animal (deer) teeth
-incisors: specialized for clipping off plant material
-canines: absent
-molars: massive with grinding surface
49
Omnivore (human) teeth
-teeth relatively unspecialized
50
Animal Gas Exchange
1. Entire body surfaces
-no circulatory system
-diffusion through the skin
-small, simple organisms
-flatworm, hydra, sponges
2. Entire body surfaces
-diffusion into a circulatory system
-earthworms
3. tracheal system
4. Gills
5. Lungs
51
Tracheal system
-air tubes that extend throughout the body
Spiracle:
-air enters the body through a series of openings
Tracheal system:
-the branched network of tubules. Gas exchange occurs at moist tips
-assistance by a circulatory system not needed for respiration
-the circulatory system used only for nutrient transport
52
Gills
-extensions of the body surface
-specialized in water
Fish Gills:
-water is drowned in through the mouth and passed over the gills
Countercurrent Flow:
-blood flows in the opposite direction of water flow over the filaments
53
Lungs
-pair of internal, thin-walled, moistened sacs. Protected from dry environments.
54
Bird Lungs
- Lungs connected to a series of air sacs
-air flows through the lungs instead of in and out
-constant flow of O2 rich air in lungs
55
Human Respiratory system
Inhalation:
-diaphragm contracts; increasing space in chest cavity ->
-pulls air into the lungs
-negative pressure breathing
Exhalation:
-diaphragm releases; decreasing space in chest cavity ->
-air leaves the lungs
56
Route of air passage
1. Nasal cavity
- lined with hair and mucus that filter dust
-warms and moistens the air
2. Pharynx (throat)
-food and air
3. Larynx (voicebox)
4. Trachea (windpipe)
5. Broncho
-one of two tubes join the trachea to the lungs
6. Bronchiotes
7. Alveoli
-cup-shaped sacs at the end of bronchioles
-gas exchange surface (300 million sacs-like clusters)
-covered with capillaries
57
Tracheal system of insects
These tracheae penetrate right through the insect's body. Air enters the tracheae by pores called spiracles. These spiracles are found on each side of the insect's abdomen. Each segment of the abdomen has a pair of spiracles.
58
Role of the Casparian strip
the waxy band creates a barrier
59
Closed circulatory systems
-Capillaries
-blood is contained within vessels
-vertebrates, annelids, cephalopods
60
Opened circulatory systems
-no capillaries
-hemolymph directly contacts tissues
-snail, arthropods
61
Fish, shark, and ray Cardiovascular system
-2 chambered heart
-single circulation
62
Amphibians' (Reptiles) Cardiovascular system
-3 chambered heart
-2 partially separate circuits
63
Mammals (birds and crocodilians) Cardiovascular system
-4 chambered heart
-two completely separate circuits
- a 4 chambered heart ensures complete segregation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood within the heart.
64
Human Cardiovascular System aka blood
Blood:
-transport gases, nutrients, and hormones
-Plasma (55%)
-White blood cells and platelets (<1%)- leukocytes
-Red blood cells (45%)- erythrocytes
65
Blood flow through the heart
Right side:
-right atrium receives O2 poor blood from body
-1-way valve causes 1-way flow to right ventricle
-right ventricle pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary artery
Lift side:
-left atrium fills with O2 rich blood
-left ventricle pumps O2 rich blood to body through the aorta
*Blood flows from large arteries to smaller vessels until it reaches capillaries
66
Arteries
-carry blood away from heart
-thick muscular elastic walls
67
Arterioles
-small arteries
68
Capillaries
-diffusion occurs across thin walls (one cell thick)
69
Blood flow
Blood flow from capillaries to venules to vains
70
Veins
-are large-diameter vessels
-thin muscle wall
-one-wall valve to prevent backflow
71
Levels of biological organization.
-atoms
-molecules
-cells
-tissues
-organs
-organ systems
-organisms
-populations
-communities
-ecosystems
-biosphere
72
Biosphere
is all of earth that is inhabited by life
73
Things that influence the climate
1. Variations in the amount of incoming solar radiation
2. The elevation of land masses
3. Global ocean currents
74
Global air circulation patterns
-Hot air rises (ascends); cold air falls (descends)
-as warm air ascends, it cools, releases moisture
-As cold air descends, it warms and picks up moisture from the surroundings
75
The difference in the intensity of solar radiation at the poles and at the equator.
The sun's rays are the most intense at the equator and the least intense at the poles. The equator receives the most solar radiation in a year. The Sun's rays strike Earth's surface most directly at the equator. This focuses the rays on a small area. Near the poles, the Sun's rays strike the surface at a slant.
76
Tropical rainforest
-the equator
Precipitation:
-78-100 inches/year
Temp:
-77-88 F year round
High Humidity
Sunlight + Heary rain + warm climate = Phenomenal Growth
77
Desert
-30 Degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude
Precipitation:
-<12 in/year
-cloud bursts and flash floods
Temp:
- 2 to3 months >100F
-highest recorded 137F: Death Valley
-heats quickly during day/cold nights
78
Alpine Tundra
-highest mountain ranges
-hardly any trees
-15"/year of rain
-cold 60F daily fluctuation
-high solar radiation
-windy
79
Arctic Tundra
-<6"/year of rain
-midsummer aug. -25F
Permafrost and Peat Bogs:
-ground is permanently frozen
-reduces or eliminates decomposition
-peat is moss, which grows everywhere
-decomposition inhibited
-95% clocked up in peat
80
Tropical Rainforest Plant adaptation
-tall trees
-vines
-epiphytes
-larger leaves
81
Tropical Rainforest Animal adaptation
-Camouflage
-climbing
-flying
-glinding
82
Desert Plant adaptation
-widely spaced plants, not tall
-cacti
83
Desert Animal adaptation
-Burrowing
-Nocturnal
-big ears dissipate heat
-body temp
-Efficient kidneys
84
Arctic Tundra Plant Adaptation
_mostly perennial plants
-dwarfed plants, small leaf surface
-widely spaced
85
Arctic Tundra Animal Adaptation
-burrow
-change color or plumage
-short, stocky bodies
-migration
-thick woolly coat
86
Freshwater Biomes
Ponds and Lakes
87
Lake turnover
-lifts nutrients-adds O2 to deep water
88
Eutrophic Lake
-relatively shallow
-nutrient-rich
-little O2 in deep water
-high productivity
89
Oligotrophic Lake
-deep
-nutrient-poor
-low productivity
-colder
-more O2
90
River and Streams
-headwaters are cold and clear
-water picks up O2 and nutrients on the way
Estuories are areas where freshwater and saltwater meet
-nurseries for ocean fishes
-feeding areas for water foul
91
Wet Lands
-where water meets land
-high productivity
-important habitat for a diversity
-flood control
Vernal Pool:
-winter/spring pool
-Mediterranean climate
-shallow impermeable layer
-low spot or depression
-rare and endangered species
92
Rocky Intertied Biome
-substratum-rock
-current-crashing waves
-tides
High productivity:
-high nutrient and sunlight
-abundant algae
-abundant animal life
93
Kelp Forest
-cold, nutrient-rich water
-high biodiversity
-high productivity
94
Coral Reef
-warm, shallow, nutrient-poor water
-high productivity
-high biodiversity
Edges of Volcanic:
-zooxanthellae and coral
-symbiotic mutualism between invertebrates and algae
95
Abyssal Biome
-new species 2 miles beneath the ocean surface
-Bioluminescence
96
Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents
-tiny pockets on the bottom of the ocean with a weak spot in the earth's crust or a volcano cracked open allowing super heated gas and magma and all sorts of chemicals that create unique habitats
-huge energy source
-chemoautotrophic bacteria
97
Tinbergen’s 4 questions
Proximate Questions:
1. Mechanism
-what elicits the behavior?
- hormones, neurotransmitters, stimuli
2. Ontogeny
-how does a behavior develop during an animal's life?
-learned, innate
Ultimate Questions:
3. Adaptive valve
-how does the behavior in survival and reproduction?
-increase fitness, reproductive success, hide from predators
4. Phylogeny
-how did it evolve over the history of the species?
-did ancestors exhibit behavior, derived behavior, environment
98
Proximate Causes
How the animal does it
99
Ultimate Causes
Why the animal does it
100
Fixed action patterns
Fixed action patterns (FAP)
-is a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
101
Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors
Innate behavior:
-under strong genetic control and occurs in the same way for all individuals
102
Types of learning
-Habituation
-Spatial learning
-Migration and Reproduction
-Environmental Cues
-Associative Learning
-Social Learning
103
Habituation Learning
-an animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or on information
104
Spatial Learning
-the establishment of a memory associated with the spatial structure of the environment
105
Environmental Cues
-position of the sun/stars
-changes in the day length
-magnetic field
-moon phases
106
Associative Learning
-animals associate one feature of their environment with another
107
Social Learning
-learning through the observation of other
108
Altruism
Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitness.
Altruism:
-some animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increases the fitness of others
109
Reciprocal Altruism
-adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future
110
Kin Selections
- the natural selection that favors behaviors that enhance the reproductive success of relatives
Inclusive fitness:
-the total effect an individual has on proliferating offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring
111
Population Density
-the number of individuals pre unit area
112
Population Distribution
-the total area and geographical location of a population
-depends on resource distribution
113
3 distribution
-clumped
-nearly uniform
-random
114
Clumped Distribution:
when individuals aggregate in patches
115
Uniform Distribution:
when individuals are evenly spaced
-terrritoriality
116
Random Distribution:
the position of each individual is independent of the other
117
Type I
- high survivorship until late in life
-mature and reproduce later
-produce fewer offspring
provide high parental care
118
Type II
-highest death rate early in life
-reproduce at a young age and produce many offspring
-devote little or no care to offspring
119
Biotic Potential
the maximum rate of increase number of individuals under ideal conditions
120
Carrying Capacity
the maximum number of individuals the environment can support
121
Exponential Growth
-growth of a population in a limitless environment
122
Logistic Growth
-limits to growth in a population
-resources are limited
-no populations grow forever
123
Density Dependent Factors
-increasing population density increases the likelihood that these factors will occur
-predators, parasites, pathogens
-sickness
-events resulting in more deaths
-fewer births
124
Density Independent Factors
Occurrence does not depend on the density:
-changes in the physical environment t
-population decrease regardless of population size
Example:
drought, floods, heat waves, freezes, hurricanes, pesticides
125
R-Selected
produce many offspring and grow rapidly in unpredictable environments
126
K-Selected
Raise few offspring and maintain relatively stable populations
127
Human Population Growth
-expansion of habitat and new diamtic zones
-increases capacity in existing habitats
The population has sidestepped limiting factors:
Technology:
-better shelter, sewage disposal
Medicine:
-immunization, disease control, prenatal cure, better hygiene
128
Community
an assemblage of all the organisms interacting in an area
129
Niche
Organism's role in an ecosystem
130
Habitat
A physical manifestation of its ecological niche
131
Symbiosis Interaction
species living together (positive or negative)
132
Commensalism Interaction
-one of the pair benefits significantly, the other is neither helped nor harmed
133
Mutualism Interaction
-both members clearly benefit
134
Predation and Herbivory
species (+/-)
135
Parasite and Host Relationship
Species (+/-)
136
Competition Interaction
species (-/-)
-interspecific competition
-Intraspecific Competition
-competitive Exclusion
137
Interspecific Competition
-between different species
138
Intraspecific Competition
-within the same species
-territoriality
-allelopathy: plants release chemicals
139
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Resource partitioning:
-niche differentiation enabling two similar species to coexist
140
Primary Succession
-begins in an area where the soil has not yet formed
141
Secondary Succession
-occurs where an existing community has been cleared, but the soil is left intact
-a relatively rapid succession
142
Keystone Species
-an ecologically dominant species
-dictates community structure
-increases diversity
143
Robert Paine Keystone Species
Starfish experiment
144
Invasive Species
-are organisms that have been introduced into non-native habitats by human actions
-have established themselves at the expense of native communities
-- the absence of natural enemies often allows rapid population growth of invasive species
145
Ecosystem
-a group of interacting populations and their physical environment
146
Role of Organisms
-Producers
-Consumers
147
Producers
-make energy from the sun available for use by other organisms
148
Consumers
1. herbivores
2. carnivores
3. omnivores
4. parasites
5. decomposers
149
Primary Productivity
-sets the energy budget for ecosystems
150
Gross Productivity
-the total amount of energy captured through photosynthesis
151
Net Productivity
-stored energy in tissues after loss to aerobic respiration
152
Thermodynamics First Law
-energy is neither created nor destroyed, just converted from one form to another
153
Thermodynamics Second Law
-whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some is lost in the form of heat and thus cannot perform work.
(produce biomass)
154
Pyramids of Productions
-represents energy losses at each level
- An energy transfer, only 10% of energy makes its way from one level to the next.
155
One-way flow of Energy
- the breakdown of food releases heat that cannot be recaptured by cells
-IC6H12O6 = energy-rich
-6CO2 +6H2O= energy poor
156
Carbon Cycle
Reservoirs:
-atmosphere
-biomass
-ocean
-sediments and rocks
Sources:
-atmosphere
Greenhouse effect
157
Greenhouse Effect
-atmosphere gasses trap incoming energy in the form of heat
-more carbon entering the air than leaving
-the intensities greenhouse effect
158
Nitrogen Cycle
Reservoirs:
-atmosphere
Source to plants:
-nitrogen fixation
-nitrogen-fixing bacteria
-decomposition
159
Scientific Method
-Observation
-Questions
-Hypothesis
-Experiment
-Control
-Results
-Conclusion
160
Scientific Method Observation
Observation consists of receiving knowledge of the outside world through our senses or recording information using scientific tools and instruments.
161
Scientific Method Question
The "how" and "why"
162
Scientific Method Hypotheses
-is it testable and falsifiable
-open to revision
-is conservation in its conclusions
163
Scientific Method Experiment
-test out the hypotheses
