bio 101 exam 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
polymer of carbohydrates
A
polysaccharides
2
Q
dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
A
disaccharides
3
Q
carbohydrate monomer (simple sugars)
A
monosaccharide
4
Q
bond between two monosaccharides
A
glycosidic linkage
5
Q
sugars
A
carbohydrates
6
Q
carbohydrate functions
A
source of energy and structural support
7
Q
carbon based molecule made of many atoms
A
macromolecule
8
Q
repeating units that are the building blocks of polymers
A
monomers
9
Q
long molecule consisting of many similar identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
A
polymer
10
Q
making a polymer by removing a water molecule with atoms contributed from each reactant
A
dehydration reaction
11
Q
bond formed by dehydration synthesis
A
covalent
12
Q
breaking down a polymer by adding a water molecule (hydrogen attaching to one monomer and hydroxide to the other
A
hydrolysis
13
Q
proteins that speed up biological chemical reactions
A
enzyme
14
Q
polymer of glucose that plants store
A
starch
15
Q
polymer of glucose that animals store
A
glycogen
16
Q
polymer of glucose, major component of plant cell walls
A
cellulose
17
Q
polymer of glucose used by arthropods to build exoskeletons and in cell walls of fungi
A
chitin
18
Q
hydrophobic macromolecules with regions of hydrocarbon tails and nonpolar covalent bonds
A
lipids
19
Q
lipids used to store energy
A
fats
20
Q
long hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group (-COOH)
A
fatty acid
21
Q
3 Cs with a hydroxyl group (-OH) at each C
A
glycerol
22
Q
lipid with single bonds between Cs, solid at room temperature
A
saturated fatty acids
23
Q
lipid with 1+ double bonds between Cs, liquid at room temperature
A
unsaturated fatty acids
24
Q
other names for fats
A
triacylglycerols and triglycerides
25
create the bilayer of the cell membrane
phospholipids
26
rearranged atoms on either side of a fatty acid double bond
trans fat
27
signaling molecules and component of cell memebranes
steroids
28
component of cell membranes and the precursor to all other steroids synthesized by animals
cholesterol
29
carbon atom that is attached o four different types of atoms or groups of atoms
asymmetric carbon
30
molecules consisting of only C and H
hydrocarbons
31
compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures
isomers
32
compounds that differ in covalent bond arrangement of atoms
structural isomer
33
compounds that differ in arrangement around double bonds
cis-trans isomer
34
compounds that are mirror images of one another
enantiomers
35
-OH, functional group, polar, H bonds with water, dissolves compound
hydroxyl group
36
-COOH, functional group, acts as an acid (can donate H+)
carboxyl group
37
organic compound where a hydroxyl group is bound to a carbon atom
alcohol
38
C=O, includes ketone groups and aldehydes
carbonyl group
39
NH2, acts as a base (can pick up H+)
amino group
40
SH, helps stabilize protein structure, controls hair structure, only hydrophobic functional group
sulfhydryl group
41
PO4, contributes a negative charge, reacts with water, used to transfer energy from one molecule to another
phosphate group
42
CH3, affects expression of genes when bonded to DNA or to proteins bonded to DNA, only nonpolar functional group
methyl group
43
R2C=O
ketone
44
R-CH=O
aldehyde
45
compound derived from ammonia (NH3)
amine
46
similar to alcohols and phenols but containing a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom
thiol
47
why is carbon uniquely suited for life
ability to form 4 covalent bonds
48
jellylike substance that components of cells are suspended in
cytosol
49
single celled organism with no organelles
prokaryotic cell
50
area where DNA is stored in prokaryotes
nucleoid region
51
selective phospholipid bilayer barrier around the cell, controls passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste
plasma membrane
52
double membrane surrounding nucleus
nuclear envelope
53
inner lining of nuclear envelope
nuclear lamina
54
threadlike structure that carries genetic information, housed in the nucleus
chromosome
55
material that chromosomes are made of
chromatin
56
made of rRNA and proteins, function in protein synthesis, carries out DNA instructions
ribosomes
57
group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
endomembrane system
58
membranous network of flattened sacs called cisternae, surround nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
59
synthesis of lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons, storage of calcium ions
smooth ER
60
site of proteins synthesis, source of new membranes for the cell
rough ER
61
class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain
glycoproteins
62
transfer material between parts of golgi and other structures
transport vesicles
63
receives proteins from ER, attaches molecular tags and packages and ships through cell
golgi apparatus
64
membranous sac of enzymes used to digest macromolecules through hydrolysis
lysosomes
65
engulfing smaller organisms and form food vacuole
phagocytosis
66
protists form when engulfing food
food vacuole
67
found in plants, large water storage
central vacuole
68
cite of cellular respiration, make ATP from glucose
mitochondria
69
organelle that is the site of photosynthesis
chloroplast
70
network of fibers extending through cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
71
thickest fibers in the cytoskeleton
microtubules
72
functions of microtubules
shape and support the cell, spindle fibers in cell division (organized by centrioles), make up cilia and flagella
73
thinnest fibers in cytoskeleton, made of actin proteins
microfilaments
74
functions of microfilaments
locomotion (moving cilia and flagella), support cell shape, network inside plasma membrane, distribution of materials in plant cells (cytoplasmic streaming)
75
permanent fibers of cytoskeleton, only found in some animal cells
intermediate filaments
76
contain microtubules, help cells locomote
cilia and flagella
77
protects plant cells, maintains rigid shape, made of cellulose
cell wall
78
thin barrier that ALL plant cells contain
primary cell wall
79
channels that connect plant cells, filled with cytosol
plasmodesmata
80
thick and strong cell barrier that only SOME plant cells contain
secondary cell wall
81
molecules of proteins and carbohydrates that provide support for cell, cell adhesion, cell to cell communication
extracellular matrix (ECM)
82
thin layer of sticky polysaccharides (pectin) found between primary cell walls of plant cells next to each other
middle lamella
83
protein that forms strong fibers outside cells
collagen
84
molecules with a core protein and many carbohydrate chains attached
proteoglycans
85
protein that attach some cells to extracellular matrix (ECM)
fibronectin
86
receptor proteins that span cell membrane
integrins
87
cell junction, watertight seal to prevent materials from leaking
tight junctions
88
cell junction, fasten cells together into strong sheets, intermediate membrane proteins between two cells
desmosomes
89
cell junction, channels from one cell to another formed from membrane proteins between two cells
gap junctions
90
atomic mass unit
dalton or AMU
91
molecular weight of a substance in grams
mole
92
measurement of concentration of a substance
molar solution
93
6.02 X 10^23
avogadro's number
94
measurement of amount of H+ in a solution
pH
95
OH-
hydroxide ion
96
increases H+ concentration
acid
97
reduces H+ concentration in a solution
base
98
donates or reduces H+ to maintain a certain pH
buffer
99
how to calculate pOH from pH
14-pH=pOH
100
how to find pH from H+ concentration
pH=-log [H+]
101
shape of molecule where carbon is bonded with 4 different atoms
tetrahedral
102
shape of molecule where carbon has 1+ double bonds
planar
103
are hydrocarbons polar or nonpolar
nonpolar
104
what two functional groups are found in sugars
carbonyl and hydroxyl
105
structural level, specific sequence of amino acids
primary
106
structural level, coils and folds in parts of polypeptide chains due to H bonds between polypeptide backbone
secondary
107
structural level, overall shape of the polypeptide, results from interactions of R group
tertiary
108
structural level, overall protein structure of 2+ polypeptide chains
quaternary
109
when proteins unravels and loses shape
denaturation
110
nucleotides in RNA
adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
111
nucleotides in DNA
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
112
steps of gene expression
DNA -> RNA -> proteins
113
nitrogen bases that are purines
adenine, guanine
114
nitrogen bases that are pyrimidine
cytosine, thymine, uracil
115
bond that links nucleotides
covalent phosphodiester
116
theory that eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotes that engulfed other smaller prokaryotes
endosymbiotic theory
