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ecology exam 2 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

definition of biological evolution

A

descent with modification

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2
Q

founder of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature, groupings off overall similarity

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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3
Q

Linnean system of classification

A

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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4
Q

Paleontology and geology showed proof of what

A

evolution over time (and extinction)

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5
Q

Lamarck’s Theory of evolution

A

adaptations towards perfection passed down to young based on use and disuse

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6
Q

what is natural selection

A

individuals in a population are phenotypically variable, which influences how well they acquire resources and therefore their reproductive success

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7
Q

what is the extinct species that’s fossils show the transition from older species to what is found today

A

transitional forms

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8
Q

similar characteristics due to relatedness

A

homologies

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9
Q

same structure, common ancestry, occasionally different function

A

structural homology

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10
Q

structures arise from the same embryonic structures and are morphologically similar

A

developmental homologies

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11
Q

similarity resulting from convergent evolution

A

analogies

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12
Q

features present on organism from ancestors but now serve no purpose

A

vestigial structure

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13
Q

desired traits are selected for purposefully by an outside force

A

artificial selection

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14
Q

schedule of organism’s growth, development, reproduction, and survival

A

life history

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15
Q

number of female offspring produced by each female

A

fecundity

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16
Q

number of reproductive episodes an organism experiences

A

parity

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17
Q

time and energy given to an offspring by its parents

A

parental investment

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18
Q

life span of an organism

A

longevity

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19
Q

long time to sexual maturity, long life span, low number of offspring, high parental investment

A

slow life history (K species)

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20
Q

short time to sexual maturity, short life span, high number of offspring, little parental investment

A

fast life history (r species)

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21
Q

reproduction in which offspring inherit DNA from two parents

A

sexual reproduction

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22
Q

reproduction mechanism in which offspring inherit DNA from a single parent

A

asexual reproduction

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23
Q

form of asexual reproduction where individual is produced from nonsexual tissues of a parent

A

vegetative reproduction

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24
Q

form of asexual reproduction where an embryo is produced without fertilization

A

parthenogenesis

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25
costs of sexual reproduction
sexual organs require considerable energy mating behaviors require time and energy
26
benefits of sexual reproduction
purging mutations coping with environmental variation possibly useful variations produced in offspring
27
sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counters the rapid evolution of parasites
red queen hypothesis
28
individuals possess male and female reproductive functions at the same time
simultaneous hermaphrodites
29
individuals that possess male or female reproductive function and then switch to the other
sequential hermaphrodites
30
when sex is determined largely by environment (phenotypic plasticity where the phenotype is sex)
environmental sex determination
31
when the rarer phenotype in a population is favored by natural selection
frequency dependent selection
32
individuals mate with multiple partners, no social bonds formed
promiscuity
33
one individual forms a long-term social bond with multiple partners
polygamy
34
male mates with more than one female (w social bonds)
polygyny
35
female mates with more than one male (w social bonds)
polyandry
36
social bond between male and female persists through period necessary to rear offspring
monogamy
37
when an individual that has a social bond with a mate also breeds with other individuals
extra pair copulation
38
when one partner prevents the other from participating in extra pair copulation
mate gaurding
39
difference in phenotype between males and females of the same species
sexual dimorphism
40
selection for preference of a sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other
runaway sexual selection
41
the greater the handicap an individual carries, the greater its ability must be to offset that trait
the handicap principle
42
pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population
spatial structure
43
range of abiotic conditions a species can live in
fundamental niche
44
range of abiotic and biotic conditions a species can live in
realized niche
45
measure of total area covered by a population
geographic range
46
limits to range
physical barriers climate altitude food water competitors
47
process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species
ecological niche modeling
48
range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species
ecological envelope
49
number of individuals per unit area or volume
population density
50
spacing of individuals with respect to one another within geographic range of a population
dispersion
51
individuals aggregate in groups
clustered dispersion
52
when each individual maintains a uniform distance from neighbors
spaced dispersion
53
when positions of individuals is independent of other individuals
random dispersion
54
movement of individuals from one area to another
dispersal
55
surveys define the boundaries of an area or volume and then count all of the individuals in the space
area and volume based surveys
56
surveys that count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a line
line transect surveys
57
average distance an individual moves from where it was born to where it reproduces
lifetime dispersal distance
58
absence of a population from suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal
dispersal limitation
59
types of barriers
physiological ecological behavioral
60
common physiological barriers
land-water salinity temp
61
ecological barriers
predation competition
62
behavioral barriers
ability to select suitable habitat ex birds unable to fly long distances won't cross open areas
63
favorable habitat connecting larger ones
corridors
64
blocks or slows passage of organisms
filters
65
severe barrier that permits rare dispersals
sweepstake routes
66
when individuals distribute themselves among different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit
ideal free distribution
67
when a large population is broken up into smaller groups that live in isolate patches
subpopulations
68
model describes a scenario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded within a matrix of unsuitable habitat; all suitable patches are assumed to be of equal quality
basic metapopulation model
69
population model accounts for the fact that not all patches of suitable habitat are of equal quality
source-sink metapopulation model
70
subpopulations that serve as a source of dispersers within a metapopulation
source subpopulation
71
in low quality habitats, subpopulations that rely on outside dispersers to maintain the subpopulation within a metapopulation
sink subpopulation
72
population model takes into account quality of suitable patches, as well as the quality of the surrounding matrix (most realistic)
landscape metapopulation model
73
why might natural selection not produce a "perfectly engineered" trait
lack of necessary genetic variation constraints due to history trade offs
74
things had to evolve from somewhere, resulting in some less efficient ways of functioning, but getting the job done nonetheless
jury rigged design
75
study of birth rates, death rates, immigration, emigration, which determine size and structure of populations through time
demography
76
two factors that influence population dynamics
environmental stress changes in environmental conditions
77
factors affecting population
size density dispersion age distribution
78
inherent reproductive capacity
biotic potential
79
rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources
intrinsic rate of increase
80
first portion of an exponential or logistical growth curve
lag phase
81
any factor in environment that limits carrying capacity
environmental resistence
82
4 main limiting factors
raw material availability energy availability waste accumulation and disposal organism interaction
83
minimum number of individuals needed to support a breeding population
minimum viable population
84
when the rate of population growth increases as population density increases
positive density dependence
85
controlled by density dependent factors
k strategists
86
controlled by density independent factors
r strategists
87
tables that contain class-specific survival and fecundity data
life tables
88
life table that follows a group of individuals born at the same time from birth to death of the last individual
cohort life table
89
life table that quantifies the survival and fecundity of all individuals in a population during a single time interval
static life table
90

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