Bio 102 Body Systems

Question 0

What is CARTILAGE?

Answer 0

A strong and flexible support material.

Question 1

What does LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE do?

Answer 1

Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds the organs in place

Question 2

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Answer 2

Found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints

Question 3

Adipose Tissue

Answer 3

Stores fat for insulation and fuel

Question 4

Blood

Answer 4

Composed of blood cells and cell fragments in bloods plasma

Question 5

Bone

Answer 5

Mineralized and forms the skeleton

Question 6

Pathogen

Answer 6

Foreign, disease-producing agent

Question 7

What does the immune system do?

Answer 7

Recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

Question 8

Neutrophils

Answer 8

WBC- attracted by signals from infected tissues. Engulf and destroy the infecting pathogens

Question 9

Macrophages

Answer 9

WBC that are large, phagocytic cells

Question 10

Dendritic cells

Answer 10

Populate tissues that contact the environment. Stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they encounter and engulf

Question 11

Eosinophils

Answer 11

WBC important in defending against multicellular evaders by discharging destructive enzymes

Question 12

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 12

Circulate the body and detect the abnormal array of surface proteins characteristic of some virus-infected and cancerous cells. Release chemicals that lead to cell death

Question 13

Passive Immunization

IgG vs IgA

Answer 13

IgG - crosses the placenta from the mother

IgA - passes from mother to infant in breast milk

Question 14

Active vs Passive Immunity

Answer 14

Active- develops naturally in response to an infection

Passive- provides immediate, short-term protection

Question 15

Regulator vs Confomer

Answer 15

Regulator - internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change (warm/blooded mammals)
Conformer - allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Question 16

A mechanism that maintains a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment

Answer 16

Homeostasis

Question 17

Acclimatization

Answer 17

The ability for homeostasis to adjust to changes in the external environment

Question 18

What 4 ways to organisms exchange heat?

Answer 18

Radiation-emission of electromagnetic waves
Evaporation- evaporating cooling,sweat
Convection- transfer of heat by air/liquid moving past a surface
Conduction- direct transfer of heat

Question 19

What are the 5 adaptions for thermoregulation?

know each in detail

Answer 19

1. Insulation
2. Cooling by Evaporative Heat Loss
3. Behavioral Responses
4. Adjusting Metabolic Heat Production
5. Circulatory Adaption

Question 20

Define Thermoregulation

Answer 20

The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
Endoterms-generate heat by metabolism
Ectotherms- gain heat from external sources

Question 21

What is circulatory adaption?

Answer 21

The regulation of blood flow near the body surfaces
Vasodilation: blood flow in skin increases, increasing heat loss
Vasoconstriction: blood flow in skin decreases, decreasing heat loss

Question 22

What region of the brain plays a role in thermoregulation?

Answer 22

Hypothalamus

Question 23

Define bioenergetics

Answer 23

The overall flow and transformation of energy

Question 24

Define biosynthesis

Answer 24

Body growth Repair Storage of material, like fat

Question 25

Basal Metabolic Rate vs Standard Metabolic Rate

Answer 25

BMR- is the metabolic rate of an endothermic at a comfortable temperature SMR-the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

Question 26

Torpor (2 kinds)

Answer 26

Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases Hibernation-winter Estivation-summer

Question 27

4 Essential Nutrients

Answer 27

Essential amino acids Essential fatty acids Vitamins Minerals

Question 28

Undernourishment vs malnourishment

Answer 28

Undernourishment: the result of a diet that supplies less chemical energy than what is needed Malnourishment: long-term absence of one or more essential nutrients from the diet

Question 29

Effects of undernourishment and malnourishment

Answer 29

Undernourishment- use up stored fats and carbs, break down own proteins and lose muscle, protein deficiency, die Malnourishment- deformities, disease, death

Question 30

Describe INGESTION | Know each

Answer 30

Act of eating 1. Suspension feeders 2. Substrate feeders 3. Fluid feeders 4. Bulk feeders

Question 31

Function of Parietal cells and chief cells

Answer 31

Parietal cells- secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately Chief cells-secrete inactive pepsinogen -Together it makes gastric juice consisting of hydrochloric acid and activated enzyme, pepsin

Question 32

Where does the acid chyme mix with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

Answer 32

DUODENUM-First part of the small intestine

Question 33

What enzymes does the pancreas produce?

Answer 33

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question 34

Function of insulin

Answer 34

Enhances the transport/uptake of glucose into cells and aids in storing it as glycogen, decreasing amounts in the blood

Question 35

What is the function of glucagon?

Answer 35

Promotes the break down of glycogen in the liver and release of glucose in blood, increasing the amount of glucose in the blood

Question 36

Arteries vs Veins

Answer 36

Arteries take blood away from the heart while veins take blood toward the heart

Question 37

Mayocardium

Answer 37

Heart muscle that contracts to push the blood through the body

Question 38

Cardiac cycle

Answer 38

The rhythmic cycle of the heart contracting and relaxing in a rhythmic cycle

Question 39

Systole vs diastole

Answer 39

Systole- contraction phase | Diastole- relaxation phase

Question 40

Rate of blood being pumped through body depends on 2 things

Answer 40

``` Heart rate (pulse) = speed Stroke Volume = resistance ```

Question 41

Function of the SA node

Answer 41

( aka pacemaker) | Sets the rate and timing of the cardiac muscle cell contract

Question 42

Sounds of normal and defective heart

Answer 42

"Lub-dup" Lub-blood against AV valves Dub-blood against semilunar valves Heart murmur- black flow of blood through defective valves

Question 43

What makes up plasma?

Answer 43

Water Ions Proteins

Question 44

What makes up the cellular elements of blood?

Answer 44

Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) Platelets

Question 45

Regions of brain to control breathing

Answer 45

Medulla oblongata - breathing rate and depth | Pons - tempo.

Question 46

Partial pressure

Answer 46

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gasses

Question 47

Tidal volume

Answer 47

The volume of air inhaled with each breath

Question 48

Vital capacity

Answer 48

Maximum tidal volume

Question 49

Residual volume

Answer 49

After exhalation, the air that remains in the lungs

Question 50

Negative breathing pressure

Answer 50

Pulling air into the lungs

Question 51

Bohr Shift

Answer 51

CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

Question 52

respiratory pigments ( 2 kinds )

Answer 52

Proteins that transport oxygen and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry - hemocyanin: copper to bind oxygen - hemoglobin: iron to bind oxygen

Question 53

Lymphoid stem cells vs myeloid stem cells

Answer 53

Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into B and T cells | Myeloid stem cells differentiate into leukocytes and erythrocytes and platelets

Question 54

Antherosclerosis

Answer 54

Build up of plaque deposits within arteries

Question 55

Heart attack

Answer 55

The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

Question 56

Stroke

Answer 56

The death of nervous tissues in the brain