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Biology > Bio 102 Body Systems > Flashcards

Bio 102 Body Systems Flashcards

0
Q

What is CARTILAGE?

A

A strong and flexible support material.

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1
Q

What does LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE do?

A

Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds the organs in place

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2
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints

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3
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Stores fat for insulation and fuel

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4
Q

Blood

A

Composed of blood cells and cell fragments in bloods plasma

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5
Q

Bone

A

Mineralized and forms the skeleton

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6
Q

Pathogen

A

Foreign, disease-producing agent

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7
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

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8
Q

Neutrophils

A

WBC- attracted by signals from infected tissues. Engulf and destroy the infecting pathogens

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9
Q

Macrophages

A

WBC that are large, phagocytic cells

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10
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Populate tissues that contact the environment. Stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they encounter and engulf

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11
Q

Eosinophils

A

WBC important in defending against multicellular evaders by discharging destructive enzymes

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12
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Circulate the body and detect the abnormal array of surface proteins characteristic of some virus-infected and cancerous cells. Release chemicals that lead to cell death

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13
Q

Passive Immunization

IgG vs IgA

A

IgG - crosses the placenta from the mother

IgA - passes from mother to infant in breast milk

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14
Q

Active vs Passive Immunity

A

Active- develops naturally in response to an infection

Passive- provides immediate, short-term protection

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15
Q

Regulator vs Confomer

A

Regulator - internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change (warm/blooded mammals)
Conformer - allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

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16
Q

A mechanism that maintains a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment

A

Homeostasis

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17
Q

Acclimatization

A

The ability for homeostasis to adjust to changes in the external environment

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18
Q

What 4 ways to organisms exchange heat?

A

Radiation-emission of electromagnetic waves
Evaporation- evaporating cooling,sweat
Convection- transfer of heat by air/liquid moving past a surface
Conduction- direct transfer of heat

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19
Q

What are the 5 adaptions for thermoregulation?

know each in detail

A
  1. Insulation
  2. Cooling by Evaporative Heat Loss
  3. Behavioral Responses
  4. Adjusting Metabolic Heat Production
  5. Circulatory Adaption
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20
Q

Define Thermoregulation

A

The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
Endoterms-generate heat by metabolism
Ectotherms- gain heat from external sources

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21
Q

What is circulatory adaption?

A

The regulation of blood flow near the body surfaces
Vasodilation: blood flow in skin increases, increasing heat loss
Vasoconstriction: blood flow in skin decreases, decreasing heat loss

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22
Q

What region of the brain plays a role in thermoregulation?

A

Hypothalamus

23
Q

Define bioenergetics

A

The overall flow and transformation of energy

24
Q

Define biosynthesis

A

Body growth
Repair
Storage of material, like fat

25
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate vs Standard Metabolic Rate

A

BMR- is the metabolic rate of an endothermic at a comfortable temperature
SMR-the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

26
Q

Torpor (2 kinds)

A

Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
Hibernation-winter
Estivation-summer

27
Q

4 Essential Nutrients

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals

28
Q

Undernourishment vs malnourishment

A

Undernourishment: the result of a diet that supplies less chemical energy than what is needed
Malnourishment: long-term absence of one or more essential nutrients from the diet

29
Q

Effects of undernourishment and malnourishment

A

Undernourishment- use up stored fats and carbs, break down own proteins and lose muscle, protein deficiency, die
Malnourishment- deformities, disease, death

30
Q

Describe INGESTION

Know each

A

Act of eating

  1. Suspension feeders
  2. Substrate feeders
  3. Fluid feeders
  4. Bulk feeders
31
Q

Function of Parietal cells and chief cells

A

Parietal cells- secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately
Chief cells-secrete inactive pepsinogen
-Together it makes gastric juice consisting of hydrochloric acid and activated enzyme, pepsin

32
Q

Where does the acid chyme mix with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

A

DUODENUM-First part of the small intestine

33
Q

What enzymes does the pancreas produce?

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

34
Q

Function of insulin

A

Enhances the transport/uptake of glucose into cells and aids in storing it as glycogen, decreasing amounts in the blood

35
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Promotes the break down of glycogen in the liver and release of glucose in blood, increasing the amount of glucose in the blood

36
Q

Arteries vs Veins

A

Arteries take blood away from the heart while veins take blood toward the heart

37
Q

Mayocardium

A

Heart muscle that contracts to push the blood through the body

38
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The rhythmic cycle of the heart contracting and relaxing in a rhythmic cycle

39
Q

Systole vs diastole

A

Systole- contraction phase

Diastole- relaxation phase

40
Q

Rate of blood being pumped through body depends on 2 things

A 
Heart rate (pulse) = speed
Stroke Volume = resistance
41
Q

Function of the SA node

A

( aka pacemaker)

Sets the rate and timing of the cardiac muscle cell contract

42
Q

Sounds of normal and defective heart

A

“Lub-dup”
Lub-blood against AV valves
Dub-blood against semilunar valves

Heart murmur- black flow of blood through defective valves

43
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

Water
Ions
Proteins

44
Q

What makes up the cellular elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets

45
Q

Regions of brain to control breathing

A

Medulla oblongata - breathing rate and depth

Pons - tempo.

46
Q

Partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gasses

47
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air inhaled with each breath

48
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum tidal volume

49
Q

Residual volume

A

After exhalation, the air that remains in the lungs

50
Q

Negative breathing pressure

A

Pulling air into the lungs

51
Q

Bohr Shift

A

CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

52
Q

respiratory pigments ( 2 kinds )

A

Proteins that transport oxygen and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

  • hemocyanin: copper to bind oxygen
  • hemoglobin: iron to bind oxygen
53
Q

Lymphoid stem cells vs myeloid stem cells

A

Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into B and T cells

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into leukocytes and erythrocytes and platelets

54
Q

Antherosclerosis

A

Build up of plaque deposits within arteries

55
Q

Heart attack

A

The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

56
Q

Stroke

A

The death of nervous tissues in the brain

Biology (3 decks)

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