BIO 102 FINAL Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Natural Selection
A
Individual more fit than other members of its species
2
Q
Sexual Selection
A
an individual is more fit than other individuals of the same sex
3
Q
Advantage of sexual selection
A
genetic variation
4
Q
sexual selection can be
A
simple or elaborate
5
Q
simple example
A
garter snakes come out of den in spring, all want to mate
6
Q
elaborate example
A
dance fly, male has to give gift (insect wrapped in silk) to female.
7
Q
if preferred males are genetically different, then what is occuring
A
sexual selection
8
Q
promiscuous meadow vole
A
many mates, both male and female
9
Q
monogamous prairie vole
A
pair-bonding, one mate for life
10
Q
active vasopressin receptor gene
A
desire to have one mate
11
Q
for side-blotched lizard, what are the 3 different colored males and which one works the best?
A
orange: dominant male with harem
blue: guards single mate
orange: mimics female (works best)
12
Q
behavior
A
what an animal does when interacting with its environment
13
Q
Darwins early ideas about behaviors
A
structures and behaviors can impact fitness
14
Q
innate behavior
A
an immediate, automatic response to a specific stimulus (reflex response)
15
Q
fixed action pattern
A
a series of reflex responses
ex. yawning
16
Q
drive
A
internal stimulus promotes behavior
ex. finding water
17
Q
learned behavior
A
offspring learn who parent was
experiences
18
Q
imprinting
A
learning during a sensitive period of time
19
Q
associative learning
A
relating one stimulus to another
ex. bell when food for dog
20
Q
habituation
A
learning to ignore specific stimuli
21
Q
latent learning
A
learning while focused on other activities
ex. kangaroo mole finds food and finds escape routes
22
Q
insight
A
using prior knowledge in a new situation
23
Q
Hominin
A
“human-like” species ~5.5 mya
24
Q
types of data analyzed
A
fossils, homo ergaster
25
```
major transitions in Hominin evolution
5 mya
2.3 mya
1.5 mya
500 tya
30 tya
```
5: walking upright
2. 3: stone tools
1. 5: large hand axes, shelters
500: better tools, social cooperation
30: "modern human" paintings, jewelry, rituals
26
Ardipithecus
long arms, canine teeth
| Oldest known hominan species
27
australopithecus
brain bigger, arms shorter
28
homo habilus
larger brain
| "hominan" most like man
29
homo erectus
first species to leave Africa
30
homo neanderthalensis and homo sapiens
stronger, bigger brains
31
larger cerebral cortex
processes senses info, memory, emotions
32
large area of human brain controls
mouth/tongue
33
FOXP2 gene
language gene
34
neurotransmitters
produced by genes
can affect mood, anxiety, OCD
Norepinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine, seratonine
35
human parasites
protists
fungi
worms
arthropods (ticks)
36
parasites can impact human
fitness
37
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
38
Escherichia coli
E. Coli bacteria
| usually harmless to humans (vitamin K)
39
Tuberculosis bacteria
1/3 humans infected
scars and damages tube in body
resistance to antibiotics
40
Cholera bacteria
contaminated drinking water, rapid diarrhea
41
plasmodium
malaria protist, increased nitric oxide in blood reduces parasite
42
Karyotype
an individuals chromosomes
43
meiosis
2N => 1N
44
fertilization
1N + 1N = 2N
45
mitosis
2N => 2N
46
genetic disorder
a predictable set of consequences caused by mutations
47
extra chromosome in 21
down syndrome
48
cystic fibrosis (CF)
excess mucus, increased infections.
49
CFTR
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane-conducting Regulator.
| change in protein that conducts chloride ions
50
Huntington's Disease
damage to brain, loss of muscle control and dementia.
| Mutated Huntington gene: CAG codon repeat
51
hemophilia A
excess bruising, slow clotting
| sex-linked gene
52
stem cells
have the potential to become many different types of cells
53
embryonic stem cells can become
any type of body cell
54
genetic screening
learning about an organisms genetic makeup
55
newborn and adult screening
blood test can identify certain alleles and proteins present
56
gene therapy
"fixing" alleles with microinjection
57
severe combined immunodeficiency
bubble boy disease
| virus used to infect stem cells with functioning allele
58
eugenetics
use genetics and evolution to "improve" the human population
59
sterilization 1927
criminals, epileptics, mentally retarded people infertile
60
scientific flaws with eugenetics
improper analysis of data
| nurture, not just nature
61
genetic engineering
altering DNA using technology
62
DNA can be cut into fragments with
restriction enzymes
63
plasmid
circular DNA that can multiply in bacteria
64
recombined DNA
plasmid cut, piece of restriction enzyme put into cut part
65
polymerase
polymerase chain reaction is making copies of DNA
66
GMO
genetically modified organism
67
transgenic
organisms contain DNA from a different species
68
Bt corn
protein from bacillus thuringiensis repels European Corn Borer(insect)
69
"Golden" rice
produce beta-carotene in seed (vitamin A)
70
chimeras
phenotypes of two or more organisms
71
reproductive cloning
genetically same as another person
| ex. elvis presley
72
Dolly 1997
first successful clone of adult mammal
| egg donor, DNA donor, surrogate mother
73
cancer
mutations lead to uncontrolled cell growth
74
Henrietta Lack
1920-1951
| HeLa cells: Immortal
75
Increase mitosis
cell division
76
decrease apoptosis
cell death
77
proto-oncogene
pre cancer gene
78
oncogene
cancer gene
79
tumor suppressor gene
mutates to tumor growth
80
colorectal cancer
can be due to up to 8 mutations in a single cell
81
free radical mutagens damage what?
DNA
82
telomeres
ends of chromosomes
83
enhancement gene therapy example
cure baldness
84
reviving relic DNA
bringing back extinct animal with surrogate
85
approx how frequently do hare-lynx populations cycle
11 years
86
chance altering allele frequencies
genetic drift
87
praire dogs have 2 entrances in underground homes because
airway/circulation
| escape route
88
fitness
organisms ability to produce offspring
89
kinesis and taxis movement
kinesis is a random movement that is not headed toward or away from a stimulus.
taxis is a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus.
90
autosomal
indicates that the gene for this trait is located on one of the 22 pairs of chromosomes that is not the sex pair.
91
mother or father determine sex of child
father
92
Non-Mendelian
traits are following patterns of inheritance that go beyond the patterns explained by mendel of a trait determined by one gene with a dominant and recessive version.
93
viruses do not reproduce on their own. how do they?
take over an organisms cell
94
reverse transcriptase
a DNA polymerase enzyme that can transcribe single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA
95
3 main shapes of bacteria
coccus (round)
rod
spiral
96
animals that carry other disease organisms are called
vectors
97
Name all Hominan from 3 mya to current
```
australopithecus africanus
paranthropus robustus
homo habilis
homo erectus
homo neanderthalensis
homo sapiens
```
98
1974 discovery of "Lucy" fossil for australopithecus afarensis
bipedal walking
99
another word for red blood cells
erythrocytes
100
sickle cell anemia
| dominant or recessive?
recessive
101
sickle cell anemia changes red blood cells from a circle shape to what?
sickle shape
| "half moon"
102
what do restriction enzymes do?
cut DNA molecules at particular sequences of base pairs
103
plant tumor, also called gall forms..
around the bacteria and produces types of amino acids that bacteria consume
104
genetically engineered chimeras examples
"geep" 1984 goat-sheep
| "quail-chick" 1987
105
blastocyst
human embryonic stem cells are derived from a microscope ball of cells
106
pluripotent
have the ability to give rise to multiple cell types found in human body
107
DNA fingerprinting relies on a technique called
linkage analysis
108
Kleinfelter's Syndrome
2 X Chromosomes
| 1 Y Chromosome
109
Turner's Syndrome
1 X Chromosome
| 0 Y Chromosomes
110
Glycolysis
series of chemical reactions that results in glucose being broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid
111
Bowerbird scientific name
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus
111
Pseudogenes
inactive genes that appear to have been active in ancestral species
112
How do male bowerbirds attract females?
Dance and sing using bower as a stage
113
What did Jane Goodall discover?
That chimps and other animals have emotions and can communicate with each other
114
Where were the hobbit human ancestors found and when?
Flores Asia
| 18,000 years ago
115
Theory
Body of knowledge that attempts to explain a phenomenon
116
Allele
Different versions of same gene
117
Transcription
making mRNA copy portion of DNA
118
Gene
Regions of DNA that code for a protein
