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Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Full range of different living organisms in a particular area or region and interactions between

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2
Q

Species diversity

A

Number of different species in an ecosystem. High species diversity equals, less likely to collapse as a result of small changes.

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3
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Number of different alleles, possessed by species greatest genetic diversity equals more likely to tolerate environmental

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4
Q

Ecosystem diversity 

A

Different biomes and variations within it. More habitats within an ecosystem more species are likely to be Present 

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5
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Leaving components of the ecosystem, for example animals or plants

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6
Q

Abiotic factors 

A

Nonliving components, for example, whether or landscape

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

Composed of biotic, and abiotic factors together in one particular area

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8
Q

Species Richness

A

Number of different species in an ecosystem

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9
Q

Species of abundance

A

Number of individuals of that particular species

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10
Q

Percentage cover

A

Proportion of an area covered by an Organism

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11
Q

Percentage frequency

A

Measure of the appearance of plant species within Sample quadrants

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12
Q

Species diversity, percentage meaning

A

The amount of species that are Different

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13
Q

Spatial scale

A

How much area a studied ecosystem covers, This affects SDI, species interactions, And abiotic factors, such as seasons and time of day

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14
Q

Temporal scale

A

Time period over which an ecosystem is studied, maybe short-term like 24 hours midterm like seasonal changes or long-term like years. This affects Species diversity (vary between day and night, winter/summer), species interactions (healthy ecosystem equals long-term stability), abiotic factors (temperature, and humidity)

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15
Q

Symbiosis

A

At least one species benefits

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16
Q

Limiting factors

A

Aspects of the environment that restrict an organisms ability to live there for example, koalas would be the number of eucalyptus trees

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17
Q

Abiotic environmental factors

A

Each organism has an optimal range for each abiotic factor in the environment

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18
Q

Classification

A

Arranging things into groups according to the observed similarities

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19
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

G. Species Genus species (italics)

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20
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Only need one parent, offspring is identical to the parent, low, genetic variation, done via binary, fission, and mitosis

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21
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Parents, and fertilisation, genetic material combines to form a unique sell that develops into an Organism 

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22
Q

R strategists

A

Short lives, high rates of reproduction, quick to mature, have strong sex drive, little careful, offspring, lived in unstable environments. Examples of this are coral insects, rodents, and rabbits.

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23
Q

K strategist

A

Been stable environments, longer, lived, fewer offspring, nurture, young, increase of springs chance of reaching sexual maturity, longer to achieve sexual maturity, longer, gestation period, for example, elephants turtles

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24
Q

Molecular, sequences or molecular phylogeny

A

Looking at the similarities and differences between DNA sequence in scientists can help classify organisms. DNA. Evidence is useful when physical features is not clear. For example, the red panda was considered a part of the bear or raccoon family considering similar appearance is however, DNA evidence proves it is sufficiently different, therefore, has its own family 

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25
Clade
A group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal dissent
26
First Assumptions of cladistics
Any group of organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor, all life evolved from a common ancestor
27
Second assumption of cladistics
There is a bifurcating pattern of cladogenesis (The offspring of an ancestral species split into exactly 2 groups) 
28
Third assumption of cladistics
Change in physical characteristics, occurs in lineage over time (it is only when characteristics change that we can recognise different lineages)
29
Rooted, phylogenetic trees
Specifies all ancestor and descent relationships, the root equals ancestor
30
Unrooted phylogenetic trees
Do you know entire unknown, ancestral route and do not specify ancestor descent relationships? They are useful when you wish to draw a network of relationships between species.
31
Unscaled rooted tree
The branch length Is an proportional 
32
Scaled rooted tree
Branch length equals time or genetic differences
33
Time rooted trees
Branch length equals time, and if one line is shorter than the other that organism is extinct
34
Genetic distance rooted trees
Branch length equals number of genetic differences
35
Species limitations
Hybrids, asexual, organisms, and infertile organisms 
36
Hybrids
When closely related organisms interbreed in artificial situations. Their offspring is usually sterile, and example of this is a mule, which came from a donkey and horse.
37
Predation
One organism the predator kills and consumes the other the prey
38
Competition
Many species compete with each other for the same resources
39
Parasitism
One benefits at the expense of another
40
Commensalism
One species benefits, and the other is unaffected
41
Disease
Pathogens, cause, disease, and orgasm causing damage or killing the host
42
4 types of ecosystem classification
Holdrige lives in classification scheme (land), spechts Classification system(trees), Australian national aquatic ecosystem, European nature, information system
43
Coral reefs
Protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action in tropical storms. Provide habitats and shelter for many marine organisms. The source of nitrogen and many essential nutrients for marine food chains. Important for fishing in tourism.
44
Coral reefs management strategies
Is there any plans, control and removal of Exotic species, conservation, and recreational use policies 
45
Old growth forests
They take many hundreds of years to develop an hour climax community with a huge biodiversity. They have very high aesthetic, cultural and nature conservation value and Their protection and management is extremely important in the maintenance of biodiversity of ecological function of the nutrients and water cycles 
46
Old growth forest management strategies
Prescribed burning control, and removal of invasive species and conservation and recreational use policies 
47
Productive soils
Consists of grain varying size along with a mixture of organic minerals that support healthy plant growth, productive soils that can recover from environmental and climate, seasonal stress and supports plant growth, decomposition, and recycling processes and resist erosion 
48
Management strategies for productive soils
Reduce overgrazing, select crops suitable for soil type in climate
49
Purpose of stratified sampling
Estimating population, density, distribution, environmental gradient in profiles and zonation and stratification
50
Site selection in stratified sampling I
Clearly marked out locations, accurately recorded, meaning that further surveys can be carried out areas are represented of the community as a whole
51
Quadrats
Used to measure abundance of plant species
52
Belt transacts
Long strip of terrain the organisms are counted between two lines, shows visual gradient and abundance of each species
53
Line Transects
Used to estimate relative Densities of species, counting number of particular species on the line cutting through the community 
54
Minimising bias
Adequate size and number of samples, the greater the number of samples taken the greater the probability that the Sample mean is representative of the community use. Random number generator is counting criteria and calibrate equipment.
55
Converting light to chemical energy
Plants with our gear, have a vault photosynthesis as a way to utilise the sun’s energy and establish an energy structure upon which all organisms depend Not all energy will be absorbed due to radiation, reflection and absorption
56
Autotrophs
Obtain organic compounds by converting inorganic matter these are produces
57
Photoautotrophs 
Organisms that use sunlight to prepare own food?
58
Chemoautotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy from carbon dioxide using inorganic energy sources
59
Heterotrophs
Obtain organic, compounds from autotrophs or other heterotrophs These are consumers
60
How does energy move from one trophic level to another?
10% of the energy is passed onto the next trophic level. The other 90% is used up by the organism through waste and decomposition respiration or it is lost in the environment. Consider that not all organisms in the trophic level are eaten, therefore that energy is not passed on. 
61
Biomass
Amount of organic matter in a system
62
Gross primary productivity
Rate of solar energy being converted into photosynthetic products
63
Net primary productivity
Gross productivity, minus metabolism or respiration
64
Carbon cycle steps
Photosynthesis, cellular, respiration, decomposition, Fossilisation, combustion
65
Photosynthesis
Plants and algae take in carbon dioxide and converted into sugars, using sunlight and water
66
Cellular respiration
Animals and plants use aerobic cellular respiration to release energy for biological processes and also releases carbon dioxide
67
Decomposition
Fungi and bacteria, decompose, dead organisms, and organic waste, releasing organic compounds and carbon dioxide
68
Fossilisation
Under specific conditions, dead organisms can fossilised over thousands and millions of years and conform fossil fuels
69
Combustion
The burning of fossil fuels releases vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
70
Steps of the water cycle
Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, percolation
71
Evaporation
When bodies of water have heated by the sun’s energy, water can evaporate, turning from a liquid to a gas or vapour
72
Transpiration
Water can evaporate from the leaves of plants through tiny holes, called stomata
73
Condensation
Water vapour condenses when it is called forming clouds
74
Precipitation 
When water falls from the sky, this can be rain, sleet, or hail
75
Percolation
Water moves through soil layers back to lakes and oceans. Once the soil layer is saturated, it moves as surface run-off.
76
Nitrogen fixation
Bacteria in the soil, convert nitrogen gas to ammonium ions
77
Nitrification
The process of turning ammonium ions into nitrates and nitrites done by not nitrifying bacteria
78
Assimilation
Uptake of nitrates from the soil by the roots of plants
79
Ammonification 
Decomposes turn nitrogen compounds from dead organisms and organic waste into ammonium
80
Denitrification
The process of turning nitrates into nitrogen gas. This is done by denitrifying bacteria.
81
Order of nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, a simulation, ammonification, denitrification 

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