Bio 121 Lab 1,2

Question 1

Prokaryotic organisms

Answer 1

Domain bacteria

Domain archaea

Question 2

Characteristics of domain eukarya

Answer 2

Nuclei

Membrane bound organelles

Question 3

Fimbriae

Answer 3

Hairlike extensions for attachment to surfaces

Question 4

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 4

Purple

Thick peptidoglycan

Question 5

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 5

Pink
Thin peptidogylcan
Often pathogenic

Question 6

Spherical bacteria

Answer 6

Coccus

Question 7

Rod shaped bacteria

Answer 7

Bascillus

Question 8

Comma shaped bacteria

Answer 8

Vibrio

Question 9

Spiral/ rigid bacteria

Answer 9

Spirillium

Question 10

Spiral/ flexible bacteria

Answer 10

Spirochaete

Question 11

RO: Bifidobacterium

Answer 11

Phylum: actinobacteria
Colonial
Unicellular 
Sessile 
Heterotrophic SAPROTROPH
Promotes growth good bacteria
Thick capsule survive acid

Question 12

Phylum actinobacteria

Answer 12

Gram positive
Break down material
Make nutrients
Antibiotic/antifungal

Question 13

Saprotroph

Answer 13

Heterotroph that uses extracellular digestion

Ex. Bifidobacterium

Question 14

Bifidobacterium friends

Answer 14

Lactobascillus

Streptococcus

Question 15

RO: Anabaena

Answer 15

Phylum: Cyanobacteria
-Freshwater 
-Multicellular filament
-Gelatinous sheath- adhere 
-Asexual: fragmentation 
-Large # thylakoids- attachment pigments 
Heterocyst

Question 16

Phylum Cyanobacteria

Answer 16

Blue green algae
Autotrophic (photosynthesize) unicellular-branched
Most aquatic some terrestrial

Question 17

Heterocyst

Answer 17

Nitrogen fixation
Ex. Anabaena
Nitrogen for protein synthesis

Question 18

Anabaena friends

Answer 18

Gleoscapa
Spirulina
Oscillatoria
Nostoc
Fishcherella

Question 19

Domain archaea

Answer 19

5 kingdoms

• different cell membrane=survive extremes
• energy/nutrient source where light absent ex. Deep sea vents

Question 20

RO: Halobacterium

Answer 20

Phylum: euryarchaeota

• Unicellular, red, bascillus
• Photoheterotrophic
• Extremely saline water
• Halorhodopsin
• Bacteriorhodopsin
• gas vesicles: float to surface for light/oxygen
• motile: flagellum

Question 21

Halorhodopsin

Answer 21

-Specialized protein prevents dehydration
-light driven chloride pump
Ex. Halobacterium

Question 22

Bacteriorhodopsin

Answer 22

• Red pigment protein
• sunlight energy -> proton gradient
• ATP synthase -> ATP

Question 23

Halobacterium friends

Answer 23

Halococcus

Methanomonas

Question 24

Eukaryotes

Answer 24

• linear chromosomes
• membrane bound organelles
• cytoskeleton: microtubules and microfilaments
  1. Protists 2.Fungi 3.Plantae 4.Animalia

Question 25

Kingdom Protista

Answer 25

- extremely diverse | - mostly unicellular (except Fucus)

Question 26

Phylum amoebozoa

Answer 26

- animal-like Protists - pseudopodia - fresh/salt water, moist soil, in animals

Question 27

RO: amoeba

Answer 27

phylum: amoebozoa - unicellular - heterotrophic - freshwater - cytoplasm bound by cellmembrane - microfilaments support pseudopodia- crawl/ engulf prey (phagocytosis) - gray lens shaped nucleus - transparent circular contractile vacuole (osmoregulation) - food vacuole (intracellular digestion) - cytoplasmic streaming (release nutrients) - asexual (mitosis)

Question 28

Amoeba friends

Answer 28

- Entamoeba gingivalis | - entamoeba histolytica

Question 29

Phylum ciliophora

Answer 29

- animal-like Protists - hairlike cilia for locomotion - 2 types nuclei - cell mouth

Question 30

RO: paramecium

Answer 30

Phylum: ciliophora - motile: cilia (beat food to ora groove) - unicellular, heterotrophic, freshwater - feeds on bacteria/ small Protists - Pellicle: firm flexible outer covering - no cell wall - intracellular digestion - 2 contractile vacuoles (osmoregulation) - macronucleus (large bean) chromosome duplication - micronucleus (small) store genetic info - asexual (mitosis) and sexual (conjugation)

Question 31

Paramecium friends

Answer 31

- stentor - euglena - spirostomum

Question 32

Phylum charophyta

Answer 32

- division green algae - autotrophic, eukaryotic, plant-like protists - chlorophyll a and b - cell walls - chloroplasts: contain pigments - most fresh water

Question 33

RO: Micrasterias

Answer 33

Phylum: charophyta -freshwater, unicellular, bilateral symmetry -motile (glides): secretes mucilage -2 semi-cells joined by isthmus -cell wall prevents from bursting Large clear nucleus in isthmus -single large chloroplast contains chlorophyll a and b -pyrenoids: convert sugar to starch for storage -asexual: mitosis

Question 34

Isthmus

Answer 34

- Joins semi-cells of micrasterias | - contains large clear nucleus

Question 35

Pyrenoids

Answer 35

Convert sugar to starch in chloroplast of Micrasterias

Question 36

Micrasterias friends

Answer 36

- Protococcus - Selenastrum - chlamydomomas - ulothrix - volvox - scenedesmus - ulva - porphyra

Question 37

Phylum phaeophyta

Answer 37

- brown algae - large multicellular - autotrophic - chlorophyll a, c1, c2, fucoxanthin

Question 38

RO: Fucus

Answer 38

Phylum: phaeophyta - large multicellular, autotrophic, brown - chlorophyll a, c1, c2, fucoxanthin - wrack: high rocky shorelines - pneumatocysts: air sacs keep floating at high tide - holdfasts: attach Fucus to rocks - dichotomously branching (equal) = symmetrical - multicellular body = thallus - receptacles - conceptacles

Question 39

Pneumatocysts

Answer 39

Air sacs that keep fucus floating at high tide

Question 40

Holdfasts

Answer 40

Attach fucus to rocks against force of waves

Question 41

Thallus

Answer 41

- undifferentiated, multicellular body of fucus - flattened leaf like blade = lamina - thin stem-like stipe (holdfast at base)

Question 42

Receptacles

Answer 42

- Swollen tips of fucus | - bumps contain reproductive structures

Question 43

Conceptacles

Answer 43

- small cavelike cavity where male/female gametes are produced - recessed conceptacles = adaptation prevent drying out - hairs block opening

Question 44

Fucus friends

Answer 44

- kelp | - diatoms