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bio Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

it contains the genetic information (DNA) to control the activities of the cell

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2
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

it controls what moves into and out of the cell

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3
Q

what do the ribosomes do?

A

they carry out protein synthesis

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4
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

it releases energy for the cell in aerobic respiration

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5
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

its a liquid mixture where the chemical reactions take place (which is cataylsed by enzymes)

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6
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

its a wall made of cellulose to provide strength and protection for the cell

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7
Q

what does the vacuole do?

A

it contains sap for storage

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8
Q

what does the chloroplast do?

A

it contains chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis and make food

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9
Q

what are animals, plants and fungi (as well as protoctista) classed as?

A

eukaryotic

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10
Q

what are more primitive cells that evolved before the existence of the nucleus classed as?

A

prokaryotic

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11
Q

out of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which is the bacteria?

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

what are bacteria?

A

single celled organisms that are typically much smaller than plant or animal cells

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13
Q

name 4 differences between bacteria and animal/plant cells

A

-they have no nucleus, but a loose collection of genetic material forming a bacterial chromosome/nucleoid
-they may have extra loops of DNA called plasmids
-they have a cell wall (different material to plant cells) and may also have a slime capsule around it for added protection
-they also have one or more flagella which lash about to move the cell

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14
Q

what are protoctista?

A

single celled organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

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15
Q

what is a bacterial chromosome?

A

a single circular chromosome comprised of double stranded DNA

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16
Q

what are plasmid?

A

loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell

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17
Q

what is a slime capsule?

A

a layer surrounding the cell wall of bacteria which makes it harder for it to be engulfed by a phagocyte

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18
Q

how do you work out the actual size of a cell?

A

actual size = image size/magnification

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19
Q

what is binary fission?

A

how bacteria multiplies, when one cell splits in half into two

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20
Q

name 4 specialised cells

A

-muscle cell
-red blood cell
-sperm cell
-nerve cell
-root hair cell
-leaf (palisade cell)
-fat cell
-eye (cone) cell
-white blood cell

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21
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell which has the capacity to become any type of cell

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22
Q

why do plants retain undifferentiated stem cells?

A

it enables them to continue to grow throughout their entire lives

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23
Q

what is a cell?

A

the smallest functional unit of life that can exist independently

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24
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of similar cells that work together to do a specific function

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25
what are a plants 3 main organs?
-roots -stems -leaves
26
what is an organ system?
a collection of organs that work together to perform an overall body function
27
what is the nervous system?
made up of nerve cells (neurons) that carry electrical impulses around the body to coordinate responses
28
what is the circulatory system?
formed from the heart and blood vessels, in order to transport oxygen and nutrients to all of the body cells
29
what is the reproduction system?
either male or female organs to enable sexual reproduction to take place
30
what is the musculose system?
the bones of the body and the muscles attached to them for movement
31
what do you call it when all of the organ systems are combined?
an organism
32
what do you call it when all of the organ systems are combined?
an organism
33
what does the mouth do?
contains teeth to break up the food and glands to secrete amylase enzyme to breakdown starch
34
what does the gullet/oesophagus do?
pushes the food down to the stomach
35
where does most of the digestion occur?
the small intestine
36
explain the structure of the small intestine
it is very long, and is also folded to increase its surface area to absorb the broken down food
37
what does the stomach do?
contains hydrochloric acid to destroy pathogens and secretes protease enzymes for the digestion of proteins
38
what does the large intestine do?
continues to absorb digested molecules such as water
39
what does the liver do?
secretes bile and the gall bladder and pancreas secrete more digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine to break down the large molecules further
40
what does the rectum (followed by the anus) do?
allows any undigested matter to be egested
41
what is an active site?
the shape enzymes fold into which has a hole/indentation in it
42
what do you call it when the active site and reactants fit together?
an enzyme-substrate complex
43
where does amylase work and what does it digest?
small intestine, digests starch to glucose
44
where does lipase work and what does it digest?
small intestine, breaks down lipids (fats) to glycerol
45
which gland produces amylase?
salivary gland and pancreas
46
which gland produces lipase?
only pancreas
47
where does protease work and what does it digest?
stomach, breaks down proteins into amino acids
48
what is a pathogen?
a microorganism that causes disease?
49
what are some examples of pathogens?
-bacteria -viruses -fungi -protists
50
what are bacteria?
small, single-celled organisms that reproduce very rapidly by binary fission
51
how can bacterial infections be treated?
antibiotics
52
what are some examples of antibiotics?
-ampicillin -erythromycin
53
what are viruses?
even smaller than bacteria and actually reproduce by entering our cells and taking them over. this often damages or destroys the cell in the process
54
what are the ways to spread pathogens?
-direct contact -droplet infection -contaminated food and drink -through a break in the skin
55
what is a vaccination?
designed to trigger the body’s own immune system, without causing the disease itself
56
what do vaccines contain?
dead or inactive forms of the pathogen
57
how do vaccines work?
the cells which have developed an immunity to the virus can very quickly produce the right antibodies again, so you destroy the pathogen before it can cause you harm
58
what are the advantages of vaccines?
-they’ve greatly reduced the occurrence of numerous infectious diseases, saving countless lives -if enough of the population is vaccinated, herd immunity prevents it from spreading so it eventually dies out
59
what is variation?
the presence of variety, which refers to the differences between individuals
60
what are the causes of variation?
-genetic, which are determined from birth from the parents and cannot be changed -acquired, when they’re influenced by the conditions around the organism over its lifetime
61
what does the theory of evolution state?
all living species today evolved from the first simple life forms billions of years ago
62
what was darwins book called and when was it published?
‘on the origin of species’ in 1859
63
who was writing a similar theory at the same time as darwin?
alfred russel wallace
64
who had an opposing theory?
jean-baptise lamarck
65
what was jean-baptise lamarcks theory?
any changes that occur in an organisms lifetime would be passed on to their offspring
66
what were some objections to the evolutionary theory?
-not enough evidence -gaps in the fossil record -challenged the religious belief -natural selection takes a long time
67
what were some objections to the evolutionary theory?
-not enough evidence -gaps in the fossil record -challenged the religious belief -natural selection takes a long time
68
what are mutations?
changes to the dna sequence, usually when the cell copies itself
69
what is speciation?
the formation of a new species from a pre-existing one
70
how does speciation occur?
two or more populations of a species be ome isolated from each other
71
what are the 4 ways fossils can be fomed?
-hard parts of organisms may not decay -organic remains may be preserved of the conditions to decay aren’t ket -hard parts are buried under sedimentary rock, minerals replace them -footprints, tracks and burrows can be preserved in the rocks
72
what are the problems with the fossil record?
-gaps when we have not found any fossils in that time period -may have only found incomplete parts of the organism -the soft parts of organisms wrecking rarely preserved -organisms may have lived/died in parts of the world where fossils are rarelt formed -fossils may have been destroyed by tectonic activity
73
what is extinction?
the permanent loss of all the members of a species
74
why might extinction occur?
-new predators -new infectious diseases -competition -climate change -volcanic eruptions -asteroids
75
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
76
what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
-light intensity -carbon dioxide concentration -temperature

yr9 eoys (6 decks)

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