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BIO 181 > BIO 181 Unit 3 > Flashcards

BIO 181 Unit 3 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Three domains of life

A

Eukraya, archea, bacteria

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2
Q

Taxonomic categories

A

Life
domain - eukarya
kingdom - animalia
phylum - chordata
class - mammalia
order - primates
family - hominidae
genus - homo
species - Homo sapiens

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3
Q

Taxonomy

A

naming a group

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4
Q

Taxon

A

group of any rank, such as species, family, or class

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5
Q

Taxa

A

in taxonomy, it is ideal to have your taxa be monophyletic

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6
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history and relationship of organism or group of organisms

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7
Q

Organisms grouped based on shared derived characteristics (synaomorphies)

A

Fossil records
Morphology
Physiology
Embryological development
DNA/RNA sequences

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8
Q

Cladistics

A

reconstructs phylogenetic trees by considering various evolutionary pathways

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9
Q

Clade

A

group of evolutionary ancestors and descendants of a common ancestor

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10
Q

Sister Clades

A

share an immediate common ancestor; each other’s closest relatives

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11
Q

Cladogram

A

diagram showing evolutionary relationships (ER) among organisms

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12
Q

Phylogenetic Trees

A

branches of phylogenetic trees can be proportional to amount of change or evolutionary time

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13
Q

Phylogenetic trees are based on

A

homology (traits inherited from a common ancestor)

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14
Q

Ancestral trait (symplesiomorphy)

A

in ancestor group; may be retained or changed in descendants

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15
Q

Derived trait (synapomorphy)

A

differs from ancestral form; evolutionary novelty

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16
Q

Hair

A

humans - ancestral
mammals - derived

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17
Q

Lungs

A

humans - ancestral
amphibians & reptiles - derived

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18
Q

Analogous Characters

A

Similar due to functional or ecological constraints/pressures.
Similar in appearance due to evolutionary convergence.
Ex: bird wing and insect wing

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19
Q

Homologous Characters

A

Similar due to evolutionary origin (same ancestral source)
Ex: bat wing and bird wing

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20
Q

Phylogenetic trees are NOT based on

A

Homoplasies (features shared between species that were not inherited from a common ancestor; usually due to similar selection pressures/environment)

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21
Q

Homologous vs. Homoplasies

A

Bones are homologous.
Wings are homoplasies (convergent evolution).

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22
Q

Monophylogenetic Trees

A

Have a common ancestor and all descendants included

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23
Q

Three Domain Systems

A

Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya
- protist
- fungi
- plantae
- animali

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24
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes (n)

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25
Diploid
two sets of chromosomes (2n)
26
Gametes
sex cells (haploid)
27
Gametophyte
gamete-producing structure
28
Meiosis
cell division process; yields haploid gametes or spores
29
Mitosis
cell division process; yields identical cells
30
Characteristics used to classify organisms
Life cycles Extraembryonic membranes Excretory product Temperature regulation Skull types
31
Fish and Amphibians
Eggs laid in water; no special water-filled enclosure (non-amniotes)
32
Reptiles, birds, and mammals (amniotes)
Reptiles and birds: shelled egg Mammals: marsupial and placental (eutherian): uterus
33
Extraembryonic Membranes
Egg protected by amniotic membranes
34
Amnion
protects the embryo in a sac filled with amniotic fluid
35
Yolk Sac
contains yolk - the sole source of food until hatching
36
Chorion
lines the inner surface of the shell and participates in the exchanges of O2 and CO2 between the embryo and the outside air
37
Allantois
stores metabolic wastes of the embryo and, as it grows larger, also participates in gas exchange
38
Excretory product of most aquatic animals, including many fish
Ammonia
39
Excretory product of mammals, amphibians, sharks, and some bony fish
Urea
40
Excretory product of birds, insects, many reptiles, and land snails
Uric acid
41
Temperature Regulation - Endotherms
produce their own heat
42
Temperature Regulation - Homeotherms
keep body temperature constant
43
Temperature Regulation - Ectotherms
rely on heat from environment
44
Temperature Regulation - Heterotherms
allow body temperature to fluctuate
45
Skull Types - Amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)
Synapsids- mammals, one temporal fenestrae
46
Skull Types - Amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)
Anapsids - no temporal fenestrae, turtles
47
Skull Types - Amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)
Disapsids - two temporal fenestrae (birds and reptiles)
48
Domain Eukarya : Animals
- heterotrophs - about 34 phyla
49
Domain Eukarya: Animals
basic body plan based on: - number of tissue types in embryos - type of body symmetry - degree of cephalization - presence or absence of a fluid-filled cavity - the way early development proceeds
50
Animalia traits: Tissues
- only sponges lack tissue - have different cell types (not organized into tissues) - sponges: parazons ("beside-animals") - all other animals have tissues = Eumetazoans ("truly-among-animals")
51
Animalia traits: Tissues
Diploblasts ("two sprouts"/ germ layers) 1. ectoderm 2. endoderm - cnidaria (jellyfish) - ctenophora (comb jellies)
52
Animalia traits: Tissues
Triploblasts: three germ layers 3. mesoderm: between the two - all triploblastic animals are bilateral except adult chinoderms (starfish - radial symmetry)
53
Animalia Traits: Body Cavity
- fluid-filled space separating digestive tract from outer body wall - coelom a. derived from mesoderm b. internal organs: cushioned, can grow and move independently of each other - acoelomates (flatworms, tapeworms)
54
Animalia traits: Protostomes
- mouth develops first a. arthropods (spiders, insects, crustaceans) b. mullosks
55
Animalia traits: Deuterostomes
- anus develops first a. phylum: chordata b. echinoderms
56
Phylum: Chordata
- notochord - dorsal, hollow nerve cord - pharyngeal slits or clefts - muscular, post-anal tail - 3 subphyla: vertebrata, urochordata, cephalochordata - reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, fish
57
Domain Eukarya: Fungi
- simple bodies - two growth forms: 1. single-celled: yeasts 2. multicellular, filamentous structures: mycelia a. comprised of hyphae (have cell walls and mainly of chitin)
58
Specialized Hyphae
- modified for predation - haustoria: appendage or portation of a parasitic fungus that penetrates host's tissue and draws nutrients from it
59
Fungal Lifestyle
- heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption - extracellular digestion - exoenzymes - as decomposers: absorb nutrients from nonliving organisms - as parasites: absorb nutrients form living hosts' cells - some are pathogenic - mutualistic symbionts: absorb nutrients from a host organism, but reciprocate with something beneficial
60
Important Roles in Ecosystems
- decomposers - consumption (yeast in baking, wine, beer) - antibiotics (penicillin) - pathogens: fungal infection = mycosis - mostly infect plants: some attack food crops and make compounds toxic to humans - Candida albicans: normally inhabits body, can become pathogenic = yeast infections
61
Important Roles in Ecosystems
Symbionts - mycorrhizae "fungus roots" 1. hyphae of certain fungi and roots of most seed plants 2. feed land plants Fungal-animals symbiosis - help animals digest tough materials
62
Fungi Phylogeny - Chytrids/Chytridiomycota
- common in freshwater environments - have enzymes that digest cellulose so they're important decomposers of plant tissues - can live in the guts of herbivores to help digest their food - have a flagellated stage called a zoospore that produces and holds spores
63
Fungi Phylogeny - Zygote fungi/zygomycota
- soil dwellers (lakes and wet soils) - comprise the common bread molds and fruit rots - are decomposers, parasites, and mutualists - form zygospores that are resistant to harsh conditions - can form mycorrhizal associations
64
Fungi Phylogeny - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi/ glomeromycota
- mycorrhizal fungi - 90% of plants have relationships with these fungi
65
Fungi Phylogeny - Sac fungi/ascomycota
- found in diverse habitats (terrestrial and aquatic) - 70% of all fungi belong to this group - spores are in sacs called asci - includes yeast, truffles, morels, and Penicillium - some are mycorrhizal - can form lichen - can cause disease
66
Fungi Phylogeny - Club fungi/basidiomycota
- typical mushroom species - also include shelf/bracket fungi - some molds and rusts - named for basidia that are club-like cells where spores form - have mycorrhizal associations and lichens - some are mutualistic with insects
67
Domain Eukarya: Plants
Bryophytes - nonvascular plants: no vascular tissue to conduct water or provide support - moss, liverwort, hornwort
68
Domain Eukarya: Plants
Pteridophytes - seedless plants: have vascular tissue but do not make seeds - lycophytes, whisk ferns, horsetails, ferns
69
Domain Eukarya: Plants
Gymnosperms - seed plants: have vascular tissue and make seeds - cyads, ginkgoes, conifers
70
Domain Eukarya: Plants
Angiosperms - flowering plants

BIO 181 (4 decks)

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