Bio 181 Unit 4 Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
Closed Circulatory System
A
Requires vessels to contain fluids that circulate around organism.
2
Q
Open Circulatory System
A
Does not require vessels to contain fluids that circulate around organism.
3
Q
Circulatory Systems Functions
A
- transport of nutrients, removal of wastes
- exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
4
Q
Vertebrate circulatory system’s functions
A
- Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues; carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
- Distributor nutrients from digestive system to body’s cells
- Transport waste and toxic substances to liver, where many are detoxified, and to kidneys for excretion
- Distribute hormones from organs to tissues on which they act
- Regulate body temperature, achieved partly by adjustments in blood flow
- Prevent blood loss with clotting mechanism
- Protect body from bacteria and viruses by circulating antibodies and white blood cells
5
Q
Blood
A
Type of connective tissue composed of fluid matrix called plasma, and formed elements.
6
Q
Arteries and Veins
A
- arteries are more circular shaped than veins
- arteries have thicker walls than veins
7
Q
Circulation of blood through the heart
A
Superior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary valve → lungs → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → rest of body
8
Q
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
A
- maintain unidirectional blood flow between atria and ventricles
- tricuspid = on right
- bicuspid/mitral = left
9
Q
Semilunar Valves
A
- ensure one-way flow out of ventricles to arterial systems
- pulmonary valve at exit of right ventricle
10
Q
Blood flow overview
A
- takes 0.8 seconds for the heart to pump blood
- valves open and close
- 120/80
- “lub-dub” sound heard with stethoscope
- heart contains “self-excitable” autorhythmic fibers
11
Q
Diastole
A
Ventricles relaxed and filling
12
Q
Systole
A
Ventricles contracted and pumping
13
Q
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
A
- most important
- right atrium wall
- ‘pacemaker’
- autonomic nervous system can modulate rate
14
Q
Each SA depolarization transmitted
A
- to left atrium
- to right atrium and atrioventricular (AV) node
15
Q
AV node is only pathway for conduction to ventricles
A
- spreads through atrioventricular bundle
- Purkinje fibers: responsible for maintaining a constant heart rhythm by allowing the heat’s conduction system to create synchronized contractions of its ventricles
- directly stimulate the myocardial cells of both ventricles to contrast
16
Q
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
A
Where electrical activity can be recorded.
17
Q
Mechanical Digestion
A
- Mastication: mouth - chewing
- Peristalsis: esophagus
- Maceration: stomach
- Segmentation: small intestine
18
Q
Chemical Digestion
A
Salivary amylase: mouth - breaks down carbohydrates
19
Q
Swallowing: Saliva
A
- helps prevent desiccation in mouth
- helps prevent cavities
- coats food
- with tongue, help form a bolus
20
Q
Stomach
A
- longitudinal muscles, oblique muscles, circular muscles
- churning of predigested food
- > 1-2 hours, mixes food with gastric juices: chyme
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Pepsinogen: inactive form of pepsin
- Pepsin: active form of enzyme. Break protein down into polypeptides
- ~10% absorption: caffeine, aspirin, tiny amount of water and 10-20% of alcohol
- Pyloric Sphincters: stomach to the small intestine (duodenum)
21
Q
Small Intestine
A
- 90% of food absorption occurs here
- ~20% feet long
- Duodenum: protein digestion. Fat break down/emulsification fat globule into tiny droplets, which increases surface area on which pancreatic lipase digest fatty acids and glycerol. Bile salts.
- Jejunum: 90% absorption
- Ileum: 90% absorption
- Key absorption structure: Microvilli (brush border)
22
Q
Large Intestine
A
- 90% water absorption
- ~5 feet long
- ~1.8 gallons of water needed for proper digestion
- Ascending: Cecum - dead end pouch bacteria. Appendix - vestigial organ
- Transverse
- Descending
23
Q
Rectum
A
- ~4.7 feet long → anal canal
- defecation: removing waste material
- fecal matter/feces/stool: undigested material; 60% bacteria, mucus, cellulose (bulk flow)
- constipation: fecal impact
- diarrhea: loss of water/irritate intestinal lining
24
Q
Digestion of Carbohydrates
A
Starts in mouth with salivary amylase.
25
Digestion of proteins to amino acids
Starts in stomach with pepsin.
26
Digestion of lipids
Small intestines with pancreatic lipase, bile salts (duodenum).
- fiber helps with bulk flow
- order of processing: carbs → proteins → lipids
27
On average digestion takes:
- food moves through the stomach and small intestine → 6-8 hours
- food may remain in the large intestine for up to 1-2 days
28
Cirrhosis of the Liver
- liver doesn't function properly due to long-term damage
- damage is characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue
- develops slowly over months or years
- diagnosis is based on blood testing, medical imaging, and liver biopsy
29
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period
- symptoms of high blood pressure include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger
30
Acute complications of DM
Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death
31
Long-term complications of DM
Cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.
32
Diabetes is due to:
- pancreas not producing enough insulin
- cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced
33
Type 1 DM
- results from the pancreas' failure to produce enough insulin
- "insulin-dependent DM"/"juvenile diabetes"
- cause is unknown
34
Type 2 DM
- begins with insulin resistance; cells fail to respond to insulin properly
- as it progresses, a lack of insulin may also develop
- "non-insulin dependent DM"/"adult-onset diabetes"
- most common cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise
35
Gestational Diabetes
Occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels
36
Prevention and Treatment
- maintaining a healthy diet
- regular physical exercise
- normal body weight
- avoiding the use of tobacco
- control of blood pressure
- maintaining proper foot care
- Type 1 must be managed with insulin injections
- Type 2 may be treated with medication with or without insulin. Weight loss surgery for those with obesity
- gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby
37
Suspension/Filter Feeders
Capture and ingestion of food particles that are suspended in water.
- baleen whales
- shellfish, mussels, clams
38
Substrate Feeders
Live in food source and eat as they burrow
39
Deposit Feeders
Eat their way through dirt, picking up decayed organic material (earthworms)
40
Fluid Feeders
Suck nutrient-rich fluids.
- from a host = parasites (mosquitoes, aphids)
- from flowers = pollinators (bees, wasps, hummingbirds)
41
Bulk Feeders
Eat larger of food using adaptations such as claws, teeth, pinchers, or fangs.
42
Adaptations for Feeding: Fungi
- Substrate feeders: live in food source - soil, rotting log, bread, living tissue
- Absorptive feeding: absorb nutrients
- Saprobes can decompose, and extract nutrients from organic matter
43
Phagotropism
Ingesting organisms or organic matter which are digested within its body.
44
Mixtrophism
Uses energy from the sun as well as consuming other protists for nutrients.
45
Xylem
Thin-walled channel that sends water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant.
46
Phloem
Thick-walled channel that sends organic compounds from photosynthetic sites to other parts of the plant. "food flows"
47
Sucrose Transport
- sucrose: from source cells into companion cells
- then into sieve-tube elements: reduces water, causes water to enter phloem from the xylem
- resulting positive pressure forces sucrose-water mixture down toward roots = translocation
48
Transpiration
Causes water to return to leaves via xylem.
49
Movement of Water
- leaves covered with waxy cuticle that prevents water loss
- transpiration: water movement in xylem: caused by evaporation of water at leaf-atmosphere interface
- causes evaporation cooling: can lower leaf temperature by ~10-15 degrees celsius. Prevents denaturing of proteins.
- causes xylem sap to rise against gravity
- achieved primarily through opening and closing of stomata on leaf surface
50
Cohesion-tension-Theory
- tension exerted on water by evaporation at plant's surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil
- plants expend no energy on bulk flow
- sun's energy indirectly powers transpiration
- water is cohesive due to hydrogen bonding
- adhesion: water sticks to walls
51
What percent of the water taken up by the roots is used for growth and metabolism?
- 1-3% of water
- 97-99% of water is lost by transpiration and guttation
52
Guttation
Exudation of drops of xylem sap on tips/edges of leaves of some vascular plants (grasses, some fungi)
- dew and guttation are NOT the same
