bio 2 exam Flashcards
(85 cards)
Describe Sars-cov-II pathophysiology
Spiked protein bonds with Ace 2 receptor in our aveoli. This allows for the virus to enter the cell, which is called a type 2 monocite, and translate/ replicate itself using that cell’s ribosomes.
describe how Covid-19 mRNA vaccines work
small pieces of the virus’s mRNA are encased within phospho lipids and are injected into our cells. there, the mRNA uses our cell’s ribosomes to translate only the spiked protein our immunes system discover these foreign protein and produce spike protein that will bond to both them and to real Ace 2 that connected to an actual Sars-CoV-11 vision, inhibiting it form entering our cells and replicating.
how many total mutation has the Omicron variant acquitted since its divergence from the B.1.1. lineage?
Around 50
What is the specific are called on the spike protein that both binds the virus to our ACE-2 receptors, allowing entry into the cells, and is recognized by out immune system so the antibodies will bind to it, inhibiting entry into the cell?
RBD receptor binding domain
how many mutation are found in this specific area in delta?
RBD- 2
How many mutations are found in this specific area in omicron?
RBD 10
What is the one of the only viruses that might transmissibility similar to omicron?
measles
what is the main reason omicron symptoms appear less severe than delta?
because it is in the upper respiratory rather than deep within lung tissue
What are the three key observations about life illustrated by organism such as this self-decorating caterpillar?
- the striking ways in which organisms are suited for their life in their environment
- the many characteristic of life
- the rich diversity of life
Describe evolution in only three words
descent with modification
Evolution can be viewed as both a —- and a ——
pattern/ process
Aristotle viewed species as –
fixed and unchanged
what did paleontologist George Cuvier notice about fossils from older strata?
The older the strata the more unlike the fossils are
Name the two geologist that proposed that earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms that are operating today as they were in the past
James Hulton and Charles Lyell
Darwin agreed that if geologic change results from slow, continuous action rather than from sudden events, then the earth must be—
Much older than the widely accepted age of a few thousand years
who was the first person to propose a mechanism for how life changes over tike through evolution?
La Marck
What were the two widely accepted principles, ar the time, housed to explain his findings?
Use and disuse and the inheritance of characteristics
Describe the now debunked hypothesis he had about giraffes
By reaching toward the the food source, it made pass the source through his offspring
Define natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inheritance traits tend to survive and pass those traits to their offspring
Define artificial selection
The process which humans have been using to modify
observation#1: members of population often — in their —
vary / inherited traits
Observation #2: all species can produce more - than their - can support, and many of those offspring fail to - and –
Offspring/ environment/ survive ./ reproduce
Inference #1 individuals whose inherited traits Gove them a — surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave behind — offsprings than other individuals
Higher probability / more
Inference #2 this – ability of individuals to –and – will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations
Unequal/ Survive / Reproduce
