BIO 2 FINAL

Question 1

All animals ___, a series of regulatory genes that control multicellularity?

HGNC-genes
Hox-genes
Wolbochia genes
Lac Operon genes

Answer 1

Hox Genes

Question 2

The three types of germ layer are:

Mesoderm, Epiderm, Enteroderm
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Placoderm
Blastula, Gastrulal, Blastopore
Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

Answer 2

Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

Question 3

Why are turtles able to eat sponges regardless of the spicule type?

Sea Turtles rarely eat sponges and typically die after ingesting the spicules
Sea Turtles have thick skin covered in scales and this protects even their mouths and tongue
Sea Turtles digest the sponge so slowly that they can extract enough nutrients and energy
Sea Turtles have incredible strong stomach acids which can digest the silica of the spicules

Answer 3

Sea Turtles have thick skin covered in scales and this protects even their mouths and tongue

Question 4

Sponges have porocytes which create currents, by pulling water in through the ____ on the sides and out the top osculum.

Excurrent Pores
Vascular Tissue
Incurrent Pores
Spicules

Answer 4

Incurrent Pores

Question 5

This figure shows the global distribution of reptiles, where are the reptiles least successful (least species richness)?

Islands and Archipelagos
Tropical Regions
Temperate Regions
Polar regions

Answer 5

Polar regions

Question 6

The scale of reptiles is composed primarily of: ____.

Cellulose
Keratin
Chitin
Collagen

Answer 6

Keratin

Question 7

Using similarities in body symmetry and other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves:
1. cladistics based on body plan.
2. molecular-based phylogeny.
3. morphology-based phylogeny.

Answer 7

1 + 3

Question 8

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

Epidermal Cell
Choanocyte
Amoebocyte
Mesohyl

Answer 8

Choanocyte

Question 9

The arthropods have a(n) ____ circulatory system, and some use ____ to obtain oxygen.

Open; Incurrent siphons
Open; Tracheal tubes
Closed; Book lungs
Closed; Gills

Answer 9

Open; Tracheal tubes

Question 10

The arthropods:
A. make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals.
B. are more widely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals.
C. are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems.
D. All of the choices are correct

Answer 10

All of the choices are correct

Question 11

By increasing ____ in the air bacteria radically changed the atmosphere.

methane gas
oxygen gas
ozone
carbon dioxide gas

Answer 11

oxygen gas

Question 12

____ bacteria are harmful to humans, or pathogenic.

All
Only gram-positive
Few
Most

Answer 12

Few

Question 13

Early in development the pharyngeal slits primary role was in _____ they acted as a filter collecting materials and nutrients.

Feeding
Breathing
Structural integrity/support
Reproduction

Answer 13

Feeding

Question 14

Based on this figure which organism will take the longest time (don’t worry about environmental or behavioral factors) to digest a meal?

All digestion takes about the same time to complete
Pigeon
Turtle
Human

Answer 14

Human

Question 15

The organism whose skin is shown in this figure is brightly colored and full of glands (like this frog), this is an example of ____. It means it when it shows off the colors.

Aposematic coloration
Batesian Mimicry
Sexual dichromatism
Camouflage

Answer 15

Aposematic coloration

Question 16

Based on this image, which fish taxa has the least SA in the midgut and hindgut regions?

Salmonid/ Sea bass
Eel
Blrnny/ Goby
Mullet

Answer 16

Eel

Question 17

In general the integument of which of these taxa is the most complex?

Annelids
Birds
Amphibians
Reptiles

Answer 17

Birds

Question 18

We enjoy eating crustacean muscles (shrimp and lobster tails, crab legs, etc.), if this is based on how the muscles attached to the skeletal system and nothing else, what other group should taste similar?

Annelids (Earthworms and Bristle worms)
Birds (everything tastes like chicken 😉)
Cephalopods (squid and octopus)
Hexapods (grasshoppers, beetles, and ants

Answer 18

Hexapods (grasshoppers, beetles, and ants)

Question 19

Echinoderms and Chordates form the group Deuterostomes, during their development the blastopore becomes the ___ first.

Mesoderm
Coelom
Mouth
Anus

Answer 19

Anus

Question 20

Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae.

The motility that permits P. bursaria to move toward a light source is provided by
A) pseudopods.
B) water currents.
C) many cilia.
D) thigmotaxi

Answer 20

pseudopods.

Question 21

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacterium?

MItochondria
Mitosome
chloroplast
Hydrogenosome

Answer 21

chloroplast

Question 22

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes?

100, carried on 14 chromosomes
400, carried on 14 chromosomes
100, carried on 7 chromosomes
200, carried on 14 chromosomes

Answer 22

100, carried on 7 chromosomes

Question 22

__________ is a term that refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor.

Homology
Phylogeny
Heterology
Analogy

Answer 22

Homology

Question 22

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
Traditionally, whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders, the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla, respectively. Recent molecular evidence, however, indicates that the whales’ closest living relatives are the hippos. This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade, the Cetartiodactyla. There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status. This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, etc.) diverged (see Figure 20.5).

What can be properly inferred from Figure 20.5?

In the “within” tree, pigs are more closely related to whales than they are to hippos.
The “without” tree is more consistent with molecular evidence than is the “within” tree.
In the “without” tree, pigs are more distantly related to hippos than is depicted in the “within” tree.
In the “without” tree, pigs are more closely related to hippos than are whales

Answer 22

In the “without” tree, pigs are more closely related to hippos than are whales.

Question 23

Arthropods sense the world using many different adaptations (pectines, antennae, feelers, eyes, etc.), but they all are connected via _____. A ventral nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain Direct impulses to the brain, no nerve cords are involved. A dorsal hollow nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain A centralized nerve net that feeds impulses to the brain

Answer 23

A ventral nerve cord that feeds impulses to the brain

Question 24

During the ____ carbon dioxide is converted into larger carbon chains or sugars. Calvin cycle Electron TRansport Chain Photovoltaic Exchange Kreb's Cycle

Answer 24

Calvin cycle

Question 25

Plants that partition their photosynthetic pathways temporally are known as ___ plants C4 Calvin CAM C3

Answer 25

CAM

Question 26

According to this cladogram, which mammalian feature distinguishes Placentals from Monotremes? live' birth big ears hair long noses

Answer 26

live' birth

Question 27

A set of shared, and derived traits that define a clade is called a(n): Transposon Synapomorphy Convergence Cladogram

Answer 27

Synapomorphy

Question 28

Early theories placed humans above other animals in a hierarchy, this was know as the __. Rise of Man Great Chain of Being Natural Order of Life Descent of Man

Answer 28

Great Chain of Being

Question 29

The _______ species concept, is based on the idea that a species is a branch or lineage on the tree of life, all descending from a common ancestor. Parsimonious Evolutionary Biological Genetic

Answer 29

Evolutionary

Question 30

The major adaptation which fully cemented plants colonization of land and gives us the millions of varieties we see today was: Sex inside the cone or flower Growth and sex required water Cuticle formation Alternation of Generations

Answer 30

Sex inside the cone or flower

Question 31

The evolution of Land Plants favors the: Sporophyte dominance; gametophyte reduction Increase in gametophyte size; sporophyte reduction Gametophyte reduction; Absence of Sporophyte Sporophyte reduction; gametophyte dominance

Answer 31

Sporophyte dominance; gametophyte reduction

Question 32

The world's largest flower grows on the jungle flower, is ____ and pollinated by ____. A gymnosperm; the wind Epiphytic; Bats Hydrophytic; Butterflies Parasitic; Carrion Flies

Answer 32

Parasitic; Carrion Flies

Question 33

Because the monocots lack ____, it is more difficult for them to grow into true giant sizes, but the "bamboos" are functionally trees in their environments?

Answer 33

Secondary growth

Question 34

What characteristics are shared by all land plants? Select all that apply Vascular Tissue Multicellular 2N embryo Flowers Cuticle Mycorrhizal symbionts Seeds Spores with tough outer coat Alternation of Generations

Answer 34

Multicellular 2N embryo Cuticle Mycorrhizal symbionts Spores with tough outer coat Alternation of Generations

Question 35

in the simplified tree, which group is most dependent on water for both sex and growth? Lycophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Bryophytes

Answer 35

Bryophytes

Question 36

The unique feature(s) of a cnidarian nervous system is/are nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves vesicles with neurotransmitters located on both sides of the synapse. cnidarian nerves lack any myelin surrounding the axons the brain is centralized, but not in the head, at the tips of each tentacle

Answer 36

nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves

Question 37

The are supportive, calcareous or siliceous structures in the body wall of many sponges. They are sharp and should deter predation (except for Sea Turtles, who just don't care). Choan Spicules Mesoglea Mesohyl

Answer 37

Spicules

Question 38

Colonial protists, like Volvox, provide evidence for the evolution of ____. Multicellularity Endosymbiosis Extremophiles Bacteria

Answer 38

Multicellularity

Question 39

Which scientist is most credited with explaining how organelles contain their own DNA and have internal membranes? Darwin Margulis Watson Golgi

Answer 39

Margulis

Question 40

When finding potential sites where life could have began, you should ask this question? Where the precursor molecules concentrated here? None of the questions matter, it was an asteroid impact that brought life to Earth Was there energy for synthesis here? Were the macromolecules protected here?

Answer 40

Where the precursor molecules concentrated here? Was there energy for synthesis here? Were the macromolecules protected here?

Question 41

There have been several cataclysmic events during the Earth's history, which wipe out 60-95% of life. We call these ___ events. Bottleneck Speciation Adaptive Radiations Mass Extinction

Answer 41

Mass Extinction

Question 42

What structure(s) developed to ensure that placental mammals could feed and care for their young long after they were born? Nipples and mammary glands Placentas Umbilical cords Amniotic eggs

Answer 42

Nipples and mammary glands

Question 43

How can frog calls be both sexually and naturally selected for? Predators find the loudest callers, and females choose the quietest males Males and females compete for the same food Male frogs select the best location to call from and females select the best location to lay her eggs Females choose the best calling males, but some predators can find these males easier

Answer 43

Females choose the best calling males, but some predators can find these males easier

Question 44

The evidence suggests that most human populations are: Monogamous Mildly polygynous Polyandrous Extremely polygynous

Answer 44

Mildly polygynous

Question 45

In fish, sperm competition is common over the _____ grounds, where males and females are vying for the best location to deposit their gametes. This means males need to swim ____ than females. Spawning; further upstream Calving; further down in the water column Spawning; faster in the current Mating; downstream of the

Answer 45

Spawning; further upstream

Question 46

Animals are good at killing other animals, this has led to many defensive tactics to avoid predation. Larval caterpillars can use many strategies, including which of these: - All of these are used by at least a few species of caterpillar - Aposematic coloration that warns of toxic/poisonous skin - Camouflage to resemble leaves or bird poop - Venomous spines and hairs

Answer 46

All of these are used by at least a few species of caterpillar

Question 47

During animal life cycles, which phase is often lost (or only present during development)? Zygote Larva Adult multicellular spores

Answer 47

Larva

Question 48

Sponges reproduce after spawning, when the sperm leaves out of the excurrent syphon, These sperm can then swim into the porocytes of another sponge. Once there the sperm transforms one choanocyte and can then fertilize another choanocyte. This is a complicated life cycle that relies on ____fertilization. Asexual Monoecious Internal External

Answer 48

External

Question 49

Both the Ground-up and Trees-down hypotheses of how dinosaurs learned (evolved) flight are both dependent on dinosaurs feeding on what taxa (that independent evolved wings)? Pterosuars Birds Hexapods Wind-dispersed Seeds

Answer 49

Hexapods

Question 50

Which group of reptiles show some level of parental care? Crocodilians (alligators, caimans, and crocodile species) All of these groups show some level of parental care Skinks (slender, small fossorial lizards) Pythons (large bodied, terrestrial snakes)

Answer 50

All of these groups show some level of parental care

Question 51

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes (genes that regulate development of anatomical structures) but no Hox genes (genes that regulate development of posterior-anterior axes and body segments). If true, this finding would -confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals -strengthen sponges' evolutionary ties to the Eumetazoa. -mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi. -mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals.

Answer 51

confirm the identity of sponges as basal animals

Question 52

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is:

Answer 52

monophyletic

Question 53

Which of these groups does NOT act as a parasite on humans or vector for human diseases? Mollusca Arachnida Hexapoda Annelida

Answer 53

Mollusca

Question 54

Which group of Arthropods has the most numbers of segments and legs? Crustacea Hexapoda Myriapoda Chelicerata

Answer 54

Myriapoda

Question 55

Bacteria in root nodules are ___ and greatly increase agricultural yields. nitrogen-fixers carbon sinks semipermeable lipid stores Acidifiers

Answer 55

nitrogen-fixers

Question 56

The notochord and hollow nerve cord are surrounded by which germ layer or cell type? H int: the cord is hollow. Endoderm Mesoderm Coelomic cells Epidermis or Ectoderm

Answer 56

Mesoderm

Question 57

In the generalized progression of digestive system development, what feature came after the Blind Gut (simple GVC)? Blind gut with many cavities Gut with a muscular pharynx and esophagus Gut with crop and gizzard Complete tube-within-a-tube

Answer 57

Blind gut with many cavities

Question 58

This organism is a member of which taxa? Mammalia Lobe-finned fishes Flightless birds Reptilia

Answer 58

Mammalia

Question 59

Which germ layer is responsible for the formation of integument and nervous systems? Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm and Endoderm

Answer 59

Ectoderm

Question 60

In Cnidaria, the hydrostatic skeleton, can move the anemones along the bottom of the ocean, this happens when: Muscles push and pull against the exoskeleton Anenomes cannot move from place to place, only the medusa (free-swimming cnidarians) can move Muscles extend and contract against anchor points on the endoskeleton Muscles constrict and change the shape of fluid filled compartment

Answer 60

Muscles constrict and change the shape of fluid filled compartment

Question 61

Echinoderms and Chordates form the group Deuterostomes, during their development the blastopore becomes the ___ first. Anus Mouth Mesoderm Coelom

Answer 61

Anus

Question 62

In a sample of pond water, a new organism is identified with the following characteristics: It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls that join the cells together. Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts. Such an organism would most likely be classified as a: multicellular photosynthetic prokaryote. fungal photosynthetic eukaryote. colonial photosynthetic eukaryote. colonial photosynthetic prokaryote

Answer 62

colonial photosynthetic eukaryote

Question 63

Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because: - without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur. - all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. - the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes. - mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA.

Answer 63

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.

Question 64

Figure 8.1 below: shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different? - Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a. - Green and yellow wavelengths inhibit the absorption of red and blue wavelengths. - Bright sunlight destroys photosynthetic pigments. - Oxygen given off during photosynthesis interferes with the absorption of light.

Answer 64

Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.

Question 65

The Cnidarian and Echinoderms have similar nervous system control mechanisms, probably due to their radial symmetry. These similar structural and physiological adaptations are the result of? - Natural selection on body shape and germ layers - Homologous development of nerves and sensory organs - Convergent evolution from distant ancestors Spiral cleavage patterning

Answer 65

Convergent evolution from distant ancestors Spiral cleavage patterning

Question 66

The molecules that absorb light energy are _____. Phospholipids Chloroplasts Mitochondria Pigments

Answer 66

Pigments

Question 67

Photosynthesis converts ____ energy into ____ energy stored in sugars Solar; Mechanical Mechanical; Chemical Chemical; Physical Solar; Chemical

Answer 67

Solar; Chemical

Question 68

Which of the following would make for a good outgroup to the Apes, when building their phylogeny? Live Oak (a deciduous tree) Rhesus Monkey (an old-world primate) Rattus rattus (the lab rat) E. coli (a bacterium)

Answer 68

Rhesus Monkey (an old-world primate)

Question 69

Modern Birds (Aves) and Crocodiles are sister taxa, because they shared a MRCA, probably a flightless ____ that went extinct millions of years ago. Penguin Mammal Fish Dinosaur

Answer 69

Dinosaur

Question 70

___ attempts to link evidence from ecology, evolution, population genetics, taxonomy morphology, geology, and biogeography together to explain biodiversity. Linnean System Modern Synthesis Intelligent Design Darwinism

Answer 70

Modern Synthesis

Question 71

The _______ species concept, is based on the idea that a species is a branch or lineage on the tree of life, all descending from a common ancestor. Parsimonious Biological Evolutionary Genetic

Answer 71

Evolutionary

Question 72

The major adaptation which fully cemented plants colonization of land and gives us the millions of varieties we see today was: Sex inside the cone or flower Growth and sex required water Alternation of Generations Cuticle formation

Answer 72

Sex inside the cone or flower

Question 73

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that - plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. - land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. - charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. - alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.

Answer 73

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

Question 74

When examining the phylogenetic tree of land plants, why are the angiosperms split into three groups (magnolids, monocots, and eudicots)? - The monocots have only one vascular tissue (phloem) - They are not monophyletic, because magnolids are cone-bearing - The eudicots do not have flowers - The monocots show a different pattern of vascular bundle distribution

Answer 74

The monocots show a different pattern of vascular bundle distribution

Question 75

Because sugars and other substances are selectively added to and removed from phloem, its cells must be _____, and transport in phloem _____ require energy. Dead; does not Dead; does Alive: does not Alive; does

Answer 75

Alive; does

Question 76

A mollusk with many feet (like Squid, Octopus, Nautilus) would be in the class. Myriapoda Polyplacophora Cestoda Cephalopoda

Answer 76

Cephalopoda

Question 77

Most evidence suggests that ___ were incorporated into eukaryotes first. Golgi Bodies Chloroplast Flagella Mitochondria

Answer 77

Mitochondria

Question 78

The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA. Multicellularity Drive Parthenogenesis of Life Endosymbiont Theory Binary Fission

Answer 78

Endosymbiont Theory

Question 79

Radiometric dating is based on the - amount of carbon-12 in an organism at time of death - temperature and pressure of the environment - ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 - Decay of radioactive isotopes

Answer 79

Decay of radioactive isotopes

Question 80

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up Monophyletic Group Paraphyletic Group Polyphyletic Group

Answer 80

Paraphyletic group

Question 81

which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientist studying the origin of life? - synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes - abiotic synthesis of polypeptides - formation of molecular aggregates with selectively -permeable membranes - formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of Amino acids

Answer 81

formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of Amino acids

Question 82

Scientists have identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains? -- microscopically observed staining characteristics of the cell wall -- metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas -- metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis -- genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences -- ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments

Answer 82

genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

Question 83

Which statement about the domain archaea is true? Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. No archaeans can reduce CO2 to methane No archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt No archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point

Answer 83

Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species.

Question 84

Over time, new forms of life have arisen by modification of existing structures or existing developmental genes. sexual selection only the process of species living in variable environments with the end goal of mutating and evolving the availability of resources after other species go extinct

Answer 84

modification of existing structures or existing developmental genes.

Question 85

On early Earth, more than 4 BYA, environmental conditions were very different from those today because only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large rocks and ice from space. only early earth had an oxidizing atmosphere less ultraviolet radiation penetrated early earth's atmosphere early Earth's atmosphere had significant quantities of ozone

Answer 85

only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large rocks and ice from space.

Question 86

Which part of the angiosperm gametes are competing once they get to the stigma? ovules spores pollen tubes pistils

Answer 86

pollen tubes

Question 87

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they are woody have macrophylls have pollen have sporophylls and spores

Answer 87

have pollen (think- you don't need an allergy shot if exposed to a fern)

Question 88

If a plant is infected with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, what is the most probable effect on the plant? it gets chlorosis it dies it will have a higher concentration of N2 in its roots and shoots it will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant

Answer 88

it will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant

Question 89

Members of the genus Amoeba, are heterotrophic, moving with pseudopod, and can cause pathologies (i.e amoebic dysentery). They would therefore be in the: plant-like protists animal-like protists fungi-like protists bacteria-like protists

Answer 89

Animal-like protist

Question 90

Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth. This is known as what type of growth? This is helpful when aging a plant. dendrochronological modular hierarchical apical

Answer 90

modular(ex. bamboo stalk grows in segments and that's how we can tell its age)

Question 91

Plants try to maximize ________________, by decreasing energy needed for vs. energy created by photosynthesis. Auxin production growth potential light availability rubisco concentration

Answer 91

growth potential

Question 92

Although most animals are bilaterally symmetrical, a few exhibit radial symmetry. What is an advantage of radial symmetry?

Answer 92

It allows animals to gather food from all sides

Question 93

How does segmentation enhance annelid locomotion?

Answer 93

Muscle contractions can be localized to specific regions of the body to coordinate movement.

Question 94

Muscle contractions can be localized to specific regions of the body to coordinate movement.

Answer 94

Pseudocoelomates

Question 95

Which of the following is NOT a true statement comparing exoskeletons and endoskeletons?

Answer 95

Only endoskeletons can grow as an organism grows

Question 96

Evidence that viruses are not alive includes the fact that they are______________.

Answer 96

are non-cellular

Question 97

mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?

Answer 97

increase of the above ground meristem

Question 98

Which of the following are the best examples of homologous structures?

Answer 98

bones of a bat wing and bones in a human forelimb

Question 99

Which of these components of reproduction is under the greatest pressure from Natural Selection?

Answer 99

Sperm competition

Question 100

During development animals grow from a single diploid zygote into many cells during _____

Answer 100

Mitosis

Question 101

Which of the following traits is not a main feature of all animals?

Answer 101

Haploid-dominant life cycle, with larva

Question 102

The only diploblastic phyla is the_____

Answer 102

Cnidaria

Question 103

The ability to fertilize the egg internally, directly increases the strength of ____ and leads to greater investments in _____ in some reptiles and almost all birds.

Answer 103

Mate choice (sexual selection) ; Parental care

Question 104

When ecdysozoans grow they must shed, or molt their _____ during ecdysis.

Answer 104

Cuticle

Question 105

Bacteria use ____ to recombine genes

Answer 105

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 106

When tetrapods came onto land they needed to develop _______

Answer 106

Lungs & Limbs

Question 107

How is it that we can have so many types of lizards on campus?

Answer 107

They mostly are invasive (brought here accidentally by humans) but now they can cohabit campus because each one fills a slightly different ecological niche

Question 108

Which of these is not a major clade of Echinoderms?

Answer 108

Sea flowers

Question 109

Which of the following statements concerning protists is correct?

Answer 109

All protists have mitochondria, although in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

Question 110

The tree above is based on which type of traits and what is the genus name for the most recent horse?

Answer 110

Morphological; Equus

Question 111

Meiosis, as part of the alternation of generations in land plants, produces

Answer 111

Haploid spores

Question 112

Birds and reptiles need to be able to detect and interpret signals and movement not only to catch prey, but also for their _______

Answer 112

Elaborate mating rituals

Question 113

Carbon fixation is catalyzed, sped up, by _____ a very abundant enzyme

Answer 113

rubisco

Question 114

Some homologies can be informative, they do reflect a shared evolutionarily history. Which of these lines of evidence would be a "helpful" homology when constructing a tree for all tetrapods?

Answer 114

Presence of gill slits & tails

Question 115

Before mammal forelimbs below all contain similar bones, just modified for different functions. These appendages share and evolutionary history, they evolved from an ancestral feature. Therefore they are _____ structures

Answer 115

Homologous

Question 116

Which biologist first proposed a simple phylogenetic tree based on common descent and shared characteristics?

Answer 116

Charles Darwin

Question 117

Commonalities to both charophytes and vascular land plants include I. sporopollenin II. lignin III. xylem IV. cellulose V. chlorophyll b.

Answer 117

I, II, IV and V only

Question 118

The water potential in the plants roots is generally _____ than in the leaves

Answer 118

higher

Question 119

Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry? 1. Nigerian larvae possesses anterior - posterior, left - right, and dorsal - ventral aspects. 2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians. 3. All extant cnidarians are diploblastic. 4. All cnidarians are acoelomate

Answer 119

1 only

Question 120

On average eukaryotic cells are many times ______ than bacterial cells.

Answer 120

larger

Question 121

Protist are incredibly diverse forming at least 8 _____ compared to the better know animals, plants, and fungi.

Answer 121

Supergroups

Question 122

At some point in the late Hadean Earth, enough materials, energy and conditions where conducive to forming macromolecules. This Original material is often called the _____.

Answer 122

Primordial Soup

Question 123

In the 5 to 7 million years that the hominid lineage has been diverging from its common ancestor with the great apes, dozen of hominid species have arisen, often with several species coexisting in time and space. As recently as 30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens coexisted with homo neanderthalensis. Both species had large brains and advanced intellects. The fact that these traits were common to both species is most easily explained by which of the following?

Answer 123

Common descent

Question 124

Common descent

Answer 124

Birds

Question 125

Anurans (frogs and toads) use the physical process of _____ to improve chances that they're gametes combine even though they are externally fertilized.

Answer 125

amplexus

Question 126

The largest cell based on diameter in the human body is the

Answer 126

Ovum

Question 127

Based on this figure, the hydra has only one opening in its _____ and therefore the gut is ______

Answer 127

Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC); Blind

Question 128

The synapomorphies of the Cnidarians include:

Answer 128

Radial symmetry in adults

Question 129

The ability to ____ is a huge benefit to birds. It allows them to exploit the resources/conditions of multiple ecosystems across both space and season.

Answer 129

Migrate from feeding to breeding grounds (and back again)

Question 130

All mammals have:

Answer 130

Bodies covered in fur or hair

Question 131

One important evolutionary change that occurred with the rise of animals is

Answer 131

A change from a microbe-only environment to one of large producers, predators, and prey

Question 132

Which of the following is unique to animals?

Answer 132

nervous conduction and muscular movement

Question 133

What part of our ("eukaryotic") cells is most responsible for defending against bacterial infections?

Answer 133

Cell membrane

Question 134

Tunicate larva have very rudimentary eyespots, the adult sea squirts have _____.

Answer 134

no eyes

Question 135

The internal fertilization of arachnids required the development of a specialized structure. The solution is:

Answer 135

Modification of first pair of legs into pedipalps for sperm transfer

Question 136

Black Widow spiders display _____ with males often getting eaten by the females. The males death acts as a offering or a _____

Answer 136

Sexual cannibalism; nuptial meal

Question 137

Pork Tapeworm is typically a non-fatal intestinal parasite of humans, the danger comes when we directly consume the eggs or proglottids (skipping the intermediate host: Pigs). The larva can then migrate to our ____ and form cysts, this can be painful and if untreated fatal.

Answer 137

Brain

Question 138

Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing the _____ on the leaves, this allows for gas exchange and provides the resources for photosynthesis.

Answer 138

Stoma; Stomata

Question 139

The first land plants resembled Bryophytes and were similarly small and limited to moist environments. The emergence of plants with ____ allowed for rapid colonization of land and rapid vertical growth.

Answer 139

Vascular tissue

Question 140

Based on this cladogram, which trait has evolved independently twice?

Answer 140

4-chambered heart (convergent evolution)

Question 141

Categorize the life cycle depicted below. Hint: Hydra are animals (not plants or protists).

Answer 141

Asexual

Question 142

Based on this figure which cleavage pattern leads to the most diversity in gut type.

Answer 142

Spiral

Question 142

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

Answer 142

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

Question 143

Both Archaea and Bacteria can use ___ for motility.

Answer 143

flagella

Question 144

The arthropods: A. make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals. B. are more widely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals. C. are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems. D. All of the choices are correct

Answer 144

D. All of the choices are correct

Question 146

Sponges use ____ to create a ____ which allows them to filter feed.

Answer 146

Choanocytes; Current