Exam 2

Question 1

Some green algae exhibit alteration of gen. All land plants exhibit alteration of gen. No charophytes exhibit alteration of gen. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that:

Answer 1

Plants evolved alteration of gen independently of green algae.

Question 2

Mitotic activity by the__________ of a root directly leads to increased absorption of minerals & nutrients.

Answer 2

apical meristem

Question 3

What are the 3 types of meristems

Answer 3

Meristems are classified by their location in the plant as - apical (located at root and shoot tips)
- lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and
- intercalary (at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyledons—e.g., grasses).

Question 4

A scientist sequences the genome of a member of Chara, a red algae, & a tomato plant. What result would support the conclusion that Charophytes (Chara) should be included as sister to plant lineage?

Answer 4

Chara genome is more like the tomato genome than the red algae genome.

Question 5

Charophytes

Answer 5

Although the Charophytes are similar in traits to plants, specific characteristics differentiate plants from Charophytes.
These traits are the presence of stomata and cuticles, rigid spore walls, and multicellular embryos

Question 6

When stomata open,

Answer 6

Water vapor is lost to the external environment, increasing transpiration rate.

Question 7

Stoma

Answer 7

A pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere.

Question 8

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division?

Answer 8

Mitosis

Question 9

Angiosperm

Answer 9

The seeds of angiosperms develop in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by a protective fruit.

Question 10

Gymnosperm

Answer 10

Gymnosperm seeds are usually formed in unisexual cones, known as strobili, and the plants lack fruits and flowers.

Question 11

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms & angiosperms?
1. Pollen transported by wind
2. Vascular tissue
3. Microscopic gametophytes
4. Showy flowers

Answer 11

• Pollen transported by wind
• Vascular tissue
• Microscopic gametophytes

Question 12

Reproductive Structures: Angiosperm and gymnosperm

Answer 12

• Angiosperms produce flowers for reproduction, which contain ovaries that enclose seeds.
• Gymnosperms typically produce cones for -reproduction, with naked seeds exposed on the surface of cone scales.

Question 13

Seeds: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Answer 13

• Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within fruits.
• Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit but are instead exposed on the surface of cone scales.

Question 14

Flowering Structures: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Answer 14

• Angiosperms have flowers with petals, sepals, stamens (male reproductive structures), and pistils (female reproductive structures).
• Gymnosperms typically have cones that contain male and female reproductive structures, but they lack true flowers.

Question 15

Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow in

Answer 15

dense, single species stands or forests.

Question 16

In the alteration of gen of Gymnosperms, the_____ produces haploid gametes by mitosis.

Answer 16

gametophyte

Question 17

gametophyte

Answer 17

– A gametophyte is one of the two alternating multicellular phases in the life cycles of plants and algae.
– It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae.

Question 18

Transpiration moves water from ____ water potential, and thus ______ cost the plant energy.

Answer 18

high to low; does not

Question 19

_____ (dead) transport water & minerals (one way).

Answer 19

Xylem

Question 20

______ (alive) require energy to transport sugar & nutrients (two ways: from leaves to the sites of sugar use & to the sugar storage units).

Answer 20

Phloem

Question 21

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of:

Answer 21

Secondary endosymbiosis where chloroplast containing primitive eukaryotes were engulfed

Question 22

During the process of evolution of angiosperm clade

Answer 22

the gametophyte became reduced, smaller, simpler, & short lived.

Question 23

Apical meristems major function

Answer 23

is to produce more cells via mitosis

Question 24

The colonial protists, like Volvox, provide strong evidence for the evolution of

Answer 24

multicellularity in modern plants.

Question 25

If a leaf is bright green to the naked eye, then it typically is full of pigments, like _____, that _______ wavelengths of light.

Answer 25

chlorophylls; reflect the green

Question 26

If a plant’s root space is colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Answer 26

it will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant.

Question 27

Which of the following cell layers is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?

Answer 27

Columnar palisade cells

Question 28

Columnar palisade cells

Answer 28

This means the cells are elongated into columns and are stacked side by side. These cells form a layer of upright column-shaped cells. The palisade cell layer forms one part of the mesophyll along with the spongy mesophyll in the leaf and is the location of photosynthesis.

Question 29

Plants try to maximize their ________, by decreasing the energy needed (expended) for cellular respiration vs. energy gained (created) by photosynthesis.

Answer 29

growth potential

Question 30

The pollen tubes of angiosperms compete with their rivals once they reach the flower. This is a great example of:

Answer 30

Natural selection -> fastest growing pollen tube wins the race & therefore gets the chance to contribute to the next generation.

Question 31

The ancestral state of all plants with a vascular system

Answer 31

was to have no true vascular system, & limited to two-dimension growth.

Question 32

vascular system

Answer 32

The plant vascular system is a complicated network of conducting tissues that interconnects all organs and transports water, minerals, nutrients, organic compounds, and various signaling molecules throughout the plant body.

Question 33

The advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to:

Answer 33

An extensive surface area that is well suited for invasive growth & absorptive nutrition.

Question 34

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, mitochondria originated:

Answer 34

From engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria.

Question 35

Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential?

Answer 35

Air spaces in the spongy mesophyll of a leaf.

Question 36

The study of plants is

Answer 36

botany

Question 37

Gametes combine in sexual reproduction in the_____ step, which creates a_____.

Answer 37

fertilization; zygote

Question 38

Bryophytes

Answer 38

is most dependent on water for both sex & growth.

Question 39

The major adaptation which fully cemented flowering plants as the primary colonizer of land was:

Answer 39

Sex without the need for water.

Question 40

Plant leaves can be modified based on the evolutionary pressures facing the plant. In xerophytic plants, it is common to see the leaves to modified into:

Answer 40

Spines or thorns.

Question 41

The double fertilization in angiosperms results in a zygote which develops into a(n)———- and a polar body or nutrient sibling which forms the———-.

Answer 41

embryo; endosperm

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of secondary growth?

Answer 42

Increase in thickness or girth of hibiscus plants in the FIU greenhouse

Question 43

Secondary growth

Answer 43

the outward growth of the plant, making it thicker and wider. - Secondary growth is important to woody plants because they grow much taller than other plants and need more support in their stems and roots. - Lateral meristems are the dividing cells in secondary growth, and produce secondary tissues.

Question 44

Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth, aka _______. This is helpful when aging a really tall grass plant (like bamboo).

Answer 44

- modular growth This is helpful when aging a really tall grass plant (like bamboo).

Question 45

Which of these pollination syndromes is correctly paired?

Answer 45

White flowers without landing pads & moths.

Question 46

Plants that grow on other plants, without causing harm to the host, are ______.

Answer 46

epiphytic - They reach their greatest diversity in the tropic, but the campus of FIU has some pretty amazing examples

Question 47

Specialization of roles within the individual’s cells is called

Answer 47

division of labor

Question 48

Double fertilization means that

Answer 48

One sperm is needed to fertilize the egg; a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.

Question 49

The majority of a plants mass as it grows throughout its life come from?

Answer 49

CO2 from the atmosphere

Question 50

Land plants have symbiotic interactions with soil __ that create mycorrhiza’s, and increase _ and therefore __.

Answer 50

fungi; surface area; metabolism

Question 51

Only the angiosperms evolved flowers, this allows them to ______

Answer 51

Have sex and reproduction inside the flower

Question 52

Which characteristics of land plants is absent in their closest relative, charophyte algae _______

Answer 52

waxy cuticles

Question 53

Why do some plants want the pollinator to pseudo populate with their flower ______

Answer 53

activity increases chance that pollen grains stick to the pollinator

Question 54

Pof land plant evolution, the __ in the life cycle became reduced in size and completely dependent on the __ for nutrients

Answer 54

gametophyte; sporophyte

Question 55

Plants must defend against attacks from insects and other herbivores. Which of these materials Or resources is derived from a plant defensive tactic

Answer 55

rubber or latex

Question 56

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Features is unique to them and help, account for their success?

Answer 56

fruits enclosing seeds

Question 57

Challenges for survival for first land plants include_____

Answer 57

how to transfer sperm, prevent desiccation, lack of structural support

Question 58

Flower displays

Answer 58

- radial symmetry - they have many different lines of symmetry (dividing them into matching halves) and the lines cross one another at the center.

Question 59

Vascular system of land plants works to transport:

Answer 59

water and minerals in the xylem

Question 60

In organisms an increase in __ leads to one __

Answer 60

surface area; metabolism

Question 61

Fertilization

Answer 61

gametes combine in sexual reporduction creating zygote

Question 62

Dicot

Answer 62

- Most flowers - Vascular bundles in a ring

Question 63

Monocot

Answer 63

- Long narrow leaf - Vascular bundles scattered - Grass and palm trees

Question 64

True of phylogenetic tree____

Answer 64

hypothetical and based primarily on morphology

Question 65

Cross section of a plant leaf is looked under the microscope, single layer epidermis thin cuticle found upper surface. Microscopic evidence alone, the plat probably browns in

Answer 65

mesophytic; mild temp. And consistent rainfall

Question 66

In the figure, which structure produces haploid gametes by mitosis?

Answer 66

Gametophyte

Question 67

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they ______

Answer 67

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler.

Question 68

Unlike animals which grow in a coordinated manner, plants add new growth to old growth, also known as _____ growth. This is helpful when aging a plant.

Answer 68

Modular or secondary

Question 69

Because the monocots lack ____, it is more difficult for them to grow into true giant sizes, but the “bamboos” are functionally trees in their environments?

Answer 69

Secondary growth

Question 70

What characteristics are shared by all land plants? Select all that apply-

Answer 70

- Alternation of Generations - Multicellular 2N embryo - Mycorrhizal symbionts - Cuticle - Spores with tough outer coat

Question 71

In the simplified tree, which group is most dependent on water for both sex and growth?

Answer 71

Bryophytes

Question 72

The major adaptation which fully cemented plants colonization of land and gives us the millions of varieties we see today was:

Answer 72

Sex inside the cone or flower

Question 73

The first land plants resembled Bryophytes and were similarly small and limited to moist environments. The emergence of plants with ____ allowed for rapid colonization of land and rapid vertical growth.

Answer 73

Vascular Tissue

Question 74

Which of these plants is adapted fro xerohytic conditions?

Answer 74

Saguaro Cactus

Question 75

Xerohytic conditions?

Answer 75

refer to environments characterized by low water availability, typically found in arid and semi-arid regions where water loss exceeds precipitation. These conditions present challenges to plant survival due to the scarcity of water, high temperatures, and often poor soil quality

Question 76

An evolutionary strategy of plants growing in nutrient poor soils, like swamps and bogs, is to convert leaves into ____ .

Answer 76

Pitchers and traps