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Biology 1083 > Bio 2 final > Flashcards

Bio 2 final Flashcards

1
Q

______ is a possible explanation for

an observation

A

Hypothesis

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2
Q

Must be tested to determine its validity
– Is often tested in many different ways
– Allows for predictions to be made

A

hypothesis

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3
Q

can be changed and refined with new

data

A

hypothesis

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4
Q

are random alterations in

genetic information

A

mutations

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5
Q

why is genetic variation essential for evolution to occur?

A

allows natural selection to increase and decrease frequency of alleles in population

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6
Q

advantageous to a population because it enables some individuals to adapt to the environment while maintaining the survival of the population.

A

genetic variation

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7
Q

what does genetic variation result from

A

mutations, genetic recombination during meiosis and sexual recombination in reproduction.

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8
Q

How do mitosis and meiosis differ

A

meiosis- reproductive cells, results in 4 haploid cells

Mitosis- body cells, results in 2 diploid cells

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9
Q

3 conditions for natural selection to occur

A
  1. Variation must exist
  2. difference in # of offspring surviving
  3. inheritance
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10
Q

5 processes that can cause evolutionary change

A
  • mutation
  • non-random mating
  • gene flow
  • genetic drift
  • natural selection
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11
Q

what is directional selection?

A

one phenotype is favored over another

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12
Q

what is stabilizing selection?

A

intermediate phenotype is favored over extreme

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13
Q

what is disruptive selection?

A

only extreme phenotypes are favored

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14
Q

what species do not have overlapping ranges

A

allopatric

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15
Q

Sympatric is when species occur ___________ in an area

A

together

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16
Q

what does a phylogenic tree represent?

A

evolutionary relationship of organisms, (their lineage)

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17
Q

what derives from a common ancestor

A

ancestral character

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18
Q

what is a derived trait

A

trait in present organism but not in ancestor organism “new and improved model”

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19
Q

Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

A

unicellular

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20
Q

what do prokaryotes lack?

A

nucleus, organelles bound by membranes

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21
Q

prokaryotes are divided by what?

A

binary fission

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22
Q

Are eukaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

A

multicellular

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23
Q

What do eukaryotes have?

A

what prokaryotes lack, a nucleus and organelles bound by membranes

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24
Q

what is haplodiplontic lifecycle

A

gametes are not the direct result of a meiotic division. Diploid sporophyte cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores.

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25
Q

what is alternation of generations?

A

rotation b/w haploid and diploid stages

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26
Q

5 derived traits of land plants

A
  • AOG
  • multicellular dependent embryos
  • multicellular gametangia
  • walled spores produce sporangia
  • apical meristems
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27
Q

what are key transitions in animal evolution?

A
  • tissues
  • symmetry
  • body cavity
  • development
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28
Q

tetrapods that have a

terrestrially adapted egg

A

amniotes

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29
Q

what is the significance to the amniotic egg?

A

External fertilization does not work on land

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30
Q

what did amniotic egg allow?

A

allowed reptiles to replace amphibians and become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate

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31
Q

significance of water tight skin

A

prevent water loss and drying of skin

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32
Q

structure of epithelial tissue

A

covers outside of body & lines organs within body

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33
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A

protects against injury, fluid loss and pathogens

34
Q

connective tissue structure

A

binds and supports other tissues

35
Q

function of connective tissue

A

sparse population of cells in extracellular matrix

36
Q

what fiber provides strength and flexibility?

A

collagenous fibers

37
Q

binds epithelia to

underlying tissues and holds organs in place

A

loose connective tissue

38
Q

this connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments

A

fibrous

39
Q

what kind of tissues stores fat for fuel

A

adipose

40
Q

structure of muscle tissue

A

filaments of protein which causes muscles to contract

41
Q

function of muscle tissues

A

all types of body movement

42
Q

what kind of muscle is responsible for involuntary body activities

A

smooth

43
Q

structure of nervous tissue

A

neurons with branching extensions

44
Q

function of nervous tissue

A

processing and transmission of information

45
Q

what is homeostatsis

A

internal balance regardless of external environment

46
Q

how do animals coordinate function?

A

the endocrine system allows them to transmit chemical signals called hormones

47
Q

what is endothermic

A

produce heat by metabolism

48
Q

what is exothermic

A

gain heat from external sources

49
Q

who has single circulation with a two chambered heart?

A

bony fishes and chondrichthyans

50
Q

what is single circulation?

A

blood leaving the

heart passes through two capillary beds

51
Q

who has double circulation?

A

amphibians, reptiles and mammals

52
Q

double circulation

A

oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left side of the heart

53
Q

what does double circulation maintain?

A

higher blood pressure in the organs

54
Q

provides blood to the heart

through the coronary arteries

A

aorta

55
Q

blood returns to the heart through the…

A

superior and inferior vena cava

56
Q

the SFV and IFV flow into the

A

right atrium

57
Q

where does blood begin its flow

A

right ventricle

58
Q

RV to the ______ via the _____________

A

lungs /// pulmonary arteries

59
Q

blood loads _____ and unloads ______

A

02

co2

60
Q

o2 rich blood enters the heart where and through what

A

LA
left atrium
PV
Pulmonary veins

61
Q

deliver saliva to lubricate food

A

salivary glands

62
Q

the junction that

opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

A

pharynx

63
Q

what connects to the stomach

A

esophagus

64
Q

why are viruses not considered organisms

A

-lack cellular structure, independent metabolism, and machinery for replication

65
Q

viruses tend to be ___________ specific

A

host

66
Q

One of the most lethal viruses in human history

A

influenza

67
Q

one of several emerging
viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever, an
often fatal illness

A

ebola

68
Q

causes severe hemorrhagic fever

• Among most lethal infectious diseases

A

ebola

69
Q

the total of all the ways an
organism uses the resources of its
environment

A

niche

70
Q

what is a fundamental niche

A

the niche

potentially occupied

71
Q

what is a realized niche

A

the niche is actually occupied

72
Q

how does competition affect species

A

a species fundamental niche may differ from its realized niche

73
Q

interaction in which an herbivore eats

parts of a plant or alga

A

herbivory

74
Q

an interspecific

interaction that benefits both species

A

mutualism

75
Q

where one species cannot

survive without the other or where both species can survive alone

A

mutualism

76
Q

one
species benefits and the other is neither
harmed nor helped

A

commensalism

77
Q

what does energy flow through

A

trophic levels

78
Q

self feeders

A

autotrophs

79
Q

cannot synthesize organic from inorganic compounds

A

heterotrophs

80
Q

raw rate at which primary producers

synthesize new organic matter

A

gross primary productivity

81
Q

______ is the GPP less the respiration of the primary

producers

A

net primary productivity

82
Q

_______is the feeding

relationships between organisms in a community

A

trophic structure

Biology 1083 (8 decks)

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