Bio 2 - Lab Practical #1

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

any change in heritable characteristics of a biological population over successive generations

Question 2

fitness

Answer 2

The ability of an individual to succeed in the face of environmental pressures such as limited resources, climatic conditions, and interactions with other species

Question 3

Reproductive Success

Answer 3

the single most important metric in natural selection

Question 4

Iteroparous

Answer 4

reproduce many times

Question 5

semelparous

Answer 5

reproduce only once

Question 6

Life History Theory

Answer 6

explains how organisms budget their limited available energy to fulfill competing demands over the course of their lifetimes to maximize their total lifetime

Question 7

Components of Life History

Answer 7

Growth, Somatic Maintenance, Reproduction

Question 8

Growth

Answer 8

the energy invested to increase in body size

Question 9

Somatic Maintenance

Answer 9

upkeep of the body

Question 10

Reproduction

Answer 10

energy put into forming offspring

Question 11

Phylogeny

Answer 11

the relationship of organisms to each other based on their evolutionary histories

Question 12

Phylogenetic Trees

Answer 12

show the relationship between organisms

Question 13

cladogram

Answer 13

most common type of phylogenic tree that represents the pattern of ancestry without indicating the relative lengths of time that have passed on each branch of the tree

Question 14

rooted tree

Answer 14

trees that derive from a common ancestor

Question 15

branch point

Answer 15

represents a change occurring between the different organisms

Question 16

basal taxon

Answer 16

lineage of organisms that branch off the common ancestor but does not branch any further

Question 17

sister taxa

Answer 17

two lineages that come from the same branch point

Question 18

polytomy

Answer 18

when a branch has more than two lineages coming off of a branch point

Question 19

shared ancestral character

Answer 19

a characteristic found in all the organisms that will be in your tree

Question 20

shared derived characteristics

Answer 20

traits that have evolved at some point but are not shared by all organisms in the tree

Question 21

outgroup

Answer 21

an organism or group that has experienced no evolutionary change since it diverged from the ancestral group

Question 22

maximum parsimony

Answer 22

indicates that the simplest way is probably how evolution occurred

Question 23

most parimonious

Answer 23

the topology that requires the least amount of changes

Question 24

All Animals are….

Answer 24

eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic organisms

Question 25

No True Tissue

Answer 25

(Parazoa) do not have specialized tissue

Question 26

True Tissue

Answer 26

have specialized tissues

Question 27

Eumetazoa

Answer 27

"true animals"

Question 28

asymmetry

Answer 28

(Parazoans) no body symmetry

Question 29

radial symmetry

Answer 29

(Cnidaria) an animals is divided in any direction along the oral/aboral axis and the two halves will be mirror images

Question 30

bilateral symmetry

Answer 30

(all other phyla) only a single plane along which the body can be divided into equivalent halves

Question 31

diploblasts

Answer 31

two germ layers

Question 32

triplobalsts

Answer 32

three tissue layers

Question 33

coelom

Answer 33

internal body cavity derived from mesoderm - provides cushioning and shock absorption for the major organ systems - a cavity where organs can grow and move freely - space for the diffusion of gases and nutrients, as well as body flexibility, promoting improved animal motility

Question 34

acoelomates

Answer 34

(no coelom) mesoderm region is completely filled with cells

Question 35

eucoelomates

Answer 35

(true coelom) true coelom (cavity) arises entirely within the mesoderm germ layer

Question 36

psuedocoelomates

Answer 36

coelom lined partly by mesoderm and partly by endoderm

Question 37

Protostomes

Answer 37

- first opening in the blastopore becomes the mouth - coelom is formed by schizocoely (two clumps of mesodermal tissue) - undergo spiral and determinate cleavage

Question 38

Deuterostome

Answer 38

- first opening in the blastopore becomes the anus - coelom is formed enterocoely (mesoderm develops as pouches that are pinched off from the endoderm tissue) - undergo indeterminate and radial cleavage

Question 39

Open Circulatory System

Answer 39

blood is pumped out of the heart into a body cavity called hemocoel, where it sloshes around and bathes the internal organs in nutrients and gases (hemolymph)

Question 40

Closed Circulatory System

Answer 40

the heart and blood vessels that pump blood out of the heart and return it back (blood)

Question 41

Incomplete Digestive System

Answer 41

only one opening

Question 42

Complete Digestive System

Answer 42

two openings

Question 43

Cnidarian body types

Answer 43

polyp and medusa

Question 44

flame cells

Answer 44

removing waste materials through filtration

Question 45

cutaneous respiration

Answer 45

gas exchange occurs across the moist body surface

Question 46

muscular foot

Answer 46

chief locomotor structure

Question 47

visceral mass

Answer 47

contains most internal organs

Question 48

mantle

Answer 48

fold of tissue

Question 49

radula

Answer 49

specialized feeding organ

Question 50

What type of vascular system do echinoderms have?

Answer 50

water vascular system

Question 51

What are the characteristics of arthropods

Answer 51

jointed appendages, body segmentation, and chitinized exoskeleton

Question 52

Key features of Chordata

Answer 52

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail

Question 53

frontal lobe

Answer 53

motor initiation and executive functions

Question 54

parietal lobe

Answer 54

sensory processing

Question 55

occipital lobe

Answer 55

receives and processes sensations from eyes

Question 56

temporal obe

Answer 56

processing of auditory sensations

Question 57

cerebellum

Answer 57

motor coordination

Question 58

What are the five senses?

Answer 58

olfaction, vision, gustation, audition, and somatosensation

Question 59

mechanoreceptors

Answer 59

responsive to mechanical pressure or force

Question 60

chemoreceptors

Answer 60

responsive to chemicals dissolved into body fluids

Question 61

electromagnetic receptors

Answer 61

responsive to light

Question 62

thermoreceptors

Answer 62

responsive to heat

Question 63

nociceptors

Answer 63

responsive to pain

Question 64

Volume

Answer 64

determined by the amplitude of sound wave

Question 65

Pitch

Answer 65

a measure of the frequency of vibrations per time

Question 66

Weber test

Answer 66

used to detect both types of hearing (tuning fork was placed on forehead)

Question 67

Rinne Test

Answer 67

tests lateralization (place tuning fork behind ear)

Question 68

Referred Pain

Answer 68

pain is received in areas of the body that are in fact unharmed or uninjured

Question 69

rods

Answer 69

responsive to low level of lights

Question 70

cones

Answer 70

responsive to brightly lit conditions

Question 71

variation

Answer 71

phenotypic or genotypic differences in organisms or species

Question 72

photopsins

Answer 72

allow for perception of different colors