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Biology > Bio 20-22 excel export csv > Flashcards

Bio 20-22 excel export csv Flashcards

1
Q

difference between taxonomy and phylogeny

A

T-the naming of organisms & grouping them into logical categories P-involves showing how organisms are related evolutionarily

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2
Q

genus

A

a group of closely related organisms

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3
Q

domain

A

three major categories of organisms: bacteria, archaea, eucarya. based on their structural and biochemical features of their cells

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4
Q

kingdom

A

subdivision of a domain

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5
Q

phylum

A

subdivision of a kingdom

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6
Q

class

A

subdivision of a phylum

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7
Q

order

A

subdivision of a class

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8
Q

family

A

subdivision of an order

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9
Q

order of taxonomic cateogories

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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10
Q

phylogeny

A

the science that explores the evolutionary relationships among organisms, seeking to reconstruct evolutionary history through study of fossils, comparitive anatomy, life cycle information, and biochemical/molecular evidence.

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11
Q

comparitive anatomy studies

A

studies fossils or currently living organisms - idea that organisms having similar structures are thought to be related. ex: all organisms that have hair and mammary glands are grouped together.

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12
Q

life cycle information

A

ex: both birds and reptiles lay eggs with shells, however reptiles lack feathers and have scales covering their bodies.

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13
Q

biochemical and molecular structure

A

ex: kinds of chlorophyll found in algae and plants

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14
Q

the domain bacteria

A

small, prokaryotic, single celled, no nucleus, reproduce by binary fission=asexual reproduction, move by secreting slime to glide or flagellum, anaerobic or aerobic, some=saprophytes (obtain energy by decomposition of dead organic material), some=parasites (obtain energy and nutrients from living hosts and cause disease), can be autotrophic like cyanobacteria or can be chemosynthetic.

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15
Q

the domain archaea

A

prokaryotic, reproduce asexually through binary fission, many shapes-rods, spheres, spirals, filaments & flat plates, found in extreme environments (extremephiles), autotrophs and heterotrophs. have ribosomes

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16
Q

the domain eucarya

A

eukaryotic cells, much larger than prokaryotic, presense of specialized membranous organelles: ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclei

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17
Q

the kingdom protista

A

3 major types:

  1. ALGAE: plant-like autotrophs; unicellular
  2. PROTOZOA: animal-like heterotrophs; unicellular
  3. fungus-like protists (slime & water molds)
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18
Q

the kingdom fungi

A

most are nonmotile, have rigid/thin wall, non-photosynthetic, eukaryotic, most are multicellular however yeasts are single celled, most are saprophytes, some are parasitic or mutualistic, are decomposers in all ecosystems

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19
Q

the kingdom plantae

A

nonmotile, terrestrial, multicellular, contain chlorophyll, produce their own organic compounds by photosynthesis, have a cellulose cell wall, have a alteration of generations life cycle (2 stages: gametophyre generation: produces haploid sex cells by mitosis, sporophyte generation which is where the sex cells unite to form a diploid zygote)

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20
Q

the kingdom animalia

A

composed of eukaryotic cells, are heterotrophic and are multicellular. motile at least during some part of their lives, most reproduce sexually

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21
Q

three kinds of acellular infectious particles:

A

viruses, viroids, and prions

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22
Q

viruses

A

acellular infectious particle consisting of nucleic acid core surrounded by a coat of protein. can only function when they are inside if a living cell. viruses are not considered living and are not capable of living and reproducing by themselves. Do not have DNA

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23
Q

viroid

A

infectious particles found in host crop plants like potatoes and cucumbers. can result in stunted/distorted growth and/or may cause the plant to die

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24
Q

prions

A

proteins that can be passed from one organism to another and cause disease. cause changes in the brain that result in a spongy appearance called spongiform encephalopathies. symptoms involve abnormal behavior and eventually death

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25
Q

the most inclusive group into which an organism can be classified is the:

A

domain

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26
Q

are all animals and fungi heterotrophs?

A

yes

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27
Q

microorganisms

A

aka microbes: tiny-cannot be seen without microscope. consist of cells, which function independently. Single or multicellular, can use both asexual or sexual reproduction, live in aquatic/moist environments, or soil

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28
Q

what are the two kinds of prokaryotic organisms

A

domains bacteria and archaea

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29
Q

what is the difference between bacteria and archaea

A

the nature of their cell walls, cell membranes, DNA, and other details of structure and physiology.

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30
Q

what is the typical shape of bacteria

A

spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral-shaped. often identified by the characteristics of their metabolism or the chemistry of their cell walls. many have flagellum

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31
Q

because decomposer bacteria break down organic matter to provide themselves with energy and raw materials for growth, this makes them:

A

heterotrophs, some being saprophytes

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32
Q

in all ecosystems, bacteria serve as:

A

decomposers

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33
Q

why is decomposition important in nature

A

this process recycles carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements

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34
Q

commensal bacteria

A

bacteria that live on the surface or within other organisms and cause them no harm, but neither do they perform any valuable functions.

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35
Q

photosynthetic bacteria

A

bacteria that carry on photosynthesis. ex: cyanobacteria

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36
Q

mutualistic bacteria

A

relationships that occur between bacteria and other organisms. the two organisms of different species work together and can benefit each other

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37
Q

chemoautotrophic bacteria

A

use inorganic chemical reactions involving nitrogen to provide themselves with energy

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38
Q

disease-causing bacteria

A

heterotrophs that use the organic matter of living cells as food.

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39
Q

pathogens

A

bacteria and other kinds of organisms that are capable of causing harm to their host

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40
Q

endospore

A

a bacterial structure that can withstand hostile environmental conditions and germinate later, when there are favorable conditions to form a new, actively growing cell

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41
Q

what is the typical shape of archaea

A

lobed, platelike, or irregular in shape

42
Q

extreme halophiles

A

(salt lovers) - archaea that can only live in extremely salty environments. contain a reddish pigment carotene making the color of the salty water body pinkish or red.

43
Q

thermophiles

A

(heat lovers) - diverse group of archaea that live in extremely hot environments.

44
Q

acidophiles and alkaliphiles

A

archaea that live at extreme pHs, either extrememly high or extremely low

45
Q

methanogens

A

archaea that are strict anaerobes (do not live where there is oxygen), and release methane as a waste product of cellular metabolism

46
Q

what is the only characteristic that the species in the kingdom protista share?

A

the fact that they are the simplest of the eukaryotic organisms

47
Q

algae

A

protists that contain chlorophyll in chloroplasts and therefore carry on photosynthesis. Single or multicellular, found in ocean, freshwater, moist places like soil or surfaces of other organisms in a moist habitat.

48
Q

plankton

A

type of algae- a collection of small, floating or weakly swimming organisms.

49
Q

zooplankton

A

nonphotosynthetic plankton, including aquatic protozoa and tiny animals.

50
Q

benthic organisms

A

type of algae- live attached to the bottom of or to objects in shallow water

51
Q

why are forms of algae only found near the surface of water

A

because they require light for photosynthesis can usually do not live deeper than 100 meters below sea level.

52
Q

protozoa

A

members of the kingdom protista. eukaryotic, heterotrophic, single-celled organisms that lack cell walls.

53
Q

flagellates

A

type of protozoa that have flagella and lack cell walls and chloroplasts. Live in moist environments as parasites or symbiots

54
Q

amoeboid protozoans

A

have an extension to their cell surface called pseudopods in which cytoplasm flows. use pseudopods to move around and engulf food.

55
Q

apicomplexa

A

protozoa that are nonmotile parasites with a sporelike stage in their life cycle.

56
Q

ciliates

A

group of protozoans with a complex cellular structure and numerous short, flexible extensions from the cell called cilia. ex:paramecium.

57
Q

funguslike protists

A

have a motile reproductive stage, but do not have chitin in their cell walls, which differentiates them from true fungi.

58
Q

what are the two kinds of funguslike protists?

A

slime molds and water molds

59
Q

slime molds

A

amoeba-like organisms that crawl about and digest dead organic matter. looks like a large mass. when the environment becomes too dry or unfavorable, the cells come together into the mass and glide along like a slug. the mass may flow for hours before it spores to reproduce.

60
Q

water molds

A

cell walls made of cellulose and have a flagellated reproductive stage - differentiates these molds from fungi. saprophytes and parasites in moist environments and bodies of water. look like fluffy growths on dead fish or other organic matter floating in water.

61
Q

spore

A

a cell with a tough, protective cell wall that can resist extreme conditions.

62
Q

lichens

A

organisms that consist of a symbiotic relationship between fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium. the alga or cyanobacterium does photosynthesis and provides the fungus with organic molecules for food, while the fungus provides the moist environment required by the alga or cyanobacterium.

63
Q

mycotoxins

A

deadly poisons produced by fungi

64
Q

the primary organisms that make up marine phytoplankton are:

A

cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, and diatoms

65
Q

fungi are primarily dispersed by tiny structures called

A

spores

66
Q

what kingdoms are involved in the nitrogen cycle?

A

bacteria and archaea

67
Q

the major kind of bacteria that carries on photosynthesis is

A

cyanobacteria

68
Q

methanogens are in the domain:

A

archaea

69
Q

plants

A

eukaryotic, multicelular organisms that have chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and carry on photosynthesis. their cells have cellulose cell walls.

70
Q

sporophyte generation

A

1st stage in plant life cycle in which a diploid plant, which has special plant parts where meiosis takes place, produces haploid spores.

71
Q

gametophyte generation

A

stage in plant life cycle in which a haploid sex cell is produced by mitosis

72
Q

alteration of generations

A

term used to describe a kind of life cycle in which has two stages: sporophyte & gametophyte

73
Q

vascular tissue

A

consists of specialized cells arranged end to end that carry water and nutrients from one place to another.

74
Q

bryophytes

A

nonvascular plants such as mosses, hornworts, and liverworts that 1. lack vascular tissue 2. do not have roots or leaves 3. gametophyte generation is the most prominent part of their life cycle 4. the sperm swim to the egg

75
Q

antheridium

A

a sac-like structure that consists of the developing sperm surrounded by a layer of cells called jacket cells

76
Q

archegonium

A

a flask-shaped structure that produces the egg; it has a tubular channel leading to the egg at its base

77
Q

roots

A

underground structures that anchor and absorb water and minerals

78
Q

leaves

A

structures specialized for carrying out the process of photosynthesis

79
Q

stems

A

structures that connect the roots with the leaves and position the leaves so that they receive sunlight

80
Q

what are the two kinds of vascular tissue?

A

xylem and phloem

81
Q

xylem

A

series of dead hollow cells arranged end to end forming a tube. Involved in the transport of water and minerals. Direction flow = roots to leaves

82
Q

phloem

A

carries the organic molecules (primarily sugars and amino acids) produced in the leaves to other parts of the plant where growth or storage takes place.

83
Q

where does growth occur in plants

A

at the tips of roots and stems and in the production of reproductive structures (cones, flowers, fruits)

84
Q

where is food stored in plants

A

typically in the roots, but some store it in the stems

85
Q

root hairs

A

small, fuzzy, hairlike cell extensions that actively grow on portions of the root near the tips

86
Q

two main functions of stems

A
  1. they support the leaves 2. they transport raw materials from the roots to the leaves and manufactured food from the leaves to the roots
87
Q

how is it that stems can provide such support for plants?

A

because their cell walls made of cellulose fibers interwoven to form a box, like a wicker basket. the cellulose fibers are rigid and do not stretch.

88
Q

stomates

A

tiny openings in the epidermis which regulate the amount of water, CO2 and O2 that move into and out of the leaves of plants. they can close or open to control the rate at which water is lost and gases are exchanged.

89
Q

seedless vascular plants consist of:

A

ferns, horsetails, club mosses and whisk ferns

90
Q

what are the characteristics that seedless vascular plants have

A
  1. they have vascular tissue 2. most have roots, stems and leaves 3. the sporophyte generation is the most prominent part of the life cycle 4. the sperm swim to the egg 5. they do not have seeds
91
Q

seeds

A

specialized structures that contain an embryo & stored food. Enclosed in a protective covering called a seed coat

92
Q

what are the two major groups of plants that produce seeds

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

93
Q

gymnosperms

A

plants that produce their seeds in cones.

“naked seed plants” nearly all gymnosperms are woody perennials, do not have swimming sperm

94
Q

pollination

A

the process of getting the pollen from the male cone to the female cone.

95
Q

angiosperms

A

plants that produce flowers and have their seeds enclosed in a fruit

96
Q

fruit

A

a modification of the ovary wall into a special structure that contains the seeds.

97
Q

flower

A

the structure composed of highly modified leaves that is responsible for sexual reproduction.

98
Q

pistil

A

in the center of the flower, composed of stigma, style, and ovary

99
Q

stamens

A

surround the pistil, and consist of long filament with anthers at the top. anthers produce pollen

100
Q

petals

A

modified leaves surrounding the stamens and pistil

Biology (8 decks)

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