bio 202

Question 1

Transports ____ from lungs to organs/cells

Answer 1

Oxygen (O₂)

Question 2

Transports ____ from cells to lungs

Answer 2

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Question 3

Transports ______ from the digestive system & for storage

Answer 3

Nutrients

Question 4

Regulates body ______ by transporting heat to the skin

Answer 4

Temperature

Question 5

Stabilizes ______ — acts as a buffer

Answer 5

pH

Question 6

Adults have ______ of blood

Answer 6

~5 liters

Question 7

Plasma makes up ______ % of blood

Answer 7

About 55% (range 47–63%)

Question 8

Formed elements include ______ and platelets

Answer 8

Blood cells (RBCs and WBCs)

Question 9

Mean RBC count is ______ million/µL

Answer 9

4.2–6.2

Question 10

Mean WBC count is ______ /µL

Answer 10

5,000–10,000

Question 11

Mean platelet count is ______ /µL

Answer 11

130,000–400,000

Question 12

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 12

Erythrocytes, leukocytes (granulocytes and agranulocytes), and platelets

Question 13

Granulocytes include ____, ____, and ____

Answer 13

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 14

Agranulocytes include ____ and ____

Answer 14

Lymphocytes & Monocytes (become macrophages)

Question 15

Hematocrit is the _____ of total volume made up of _____

Answer 15

Percentage; red blood cells (37–52%)

Question 16

Viscosity means _____

Answer 16

Resistance to flow (thickness)

Question 17

Osmolarity is the total concentration of _____

Answer 17

Dissolved particles (affects fluid movement)

Question 18

Plasma is ~ _____ % water

Answer 18

92%

Question 19

The three plasma protein types are ____, ____, ____

Answer 19

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Question 20

Which plasma protein is most abundant?

Answer 20

Albumin

Question 21

Hemopoiesis is blood cell production in _____

Answer 21

Red bone marrow

Question 22

Erythropoiesis produces _____ RBCs/second

Answer 22

2.5 million

Question 23

The first erythrocyte precursor is _____

Answer 23

Proerythroblast (erythrocyte CFU)

Question 24

Reticulocytes make up _____ of circulating RBCs

Answer 24

0.5–1.5%

Question 25

A mature erythrocyte has _____ and lives ~_____ days

Answer 25

No organelles/nucleus; ~120 days

Question 26

Key nutrient for erythropoiesis: _____

Answer 26

Iron

Question 27

DNA synthesis in RBCs requires _____ and _____

Answer 27

Vitamin B12 & folic acid

Question 28

RBC inner membrane proteins provide _____ and _____

Answer 28

Resilience/durability (spectrin and actin)

Question 29

RBCs rely on _____ fermentation for energy

Answer 29

Anaerobic (glycolysis)

Question 30

Major RBC function is _____

Answer 30

Gas transport (O₂ and CO₂)

Question 31

33% of cytoplasm is _____

Answer 31

Hemoglobin

Question 32

Carbonic anhydrase converts CO₂ and water into _____

Answer 32

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate

Question 33

Hemoglobin carries _____ O₂

Answer 33

4 molecules (one per heme group)

Question 34

Hemoglobin type with gamma chains in fetuses is _____

Answer 34

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

Question 35

Hemoglobin is made of four _____ (2 alpha, 2 beta)

Answer 35

Globins

Question 36

Normal hematocrit for men is _____, for women _____

Answer 36

Men: 42–52%, Women: 37–48%

Question 37

Normal hemoglobin concentration: Men ____, Women ____

Answer 37

Men: 13–18 g/dL, Women: 12–16 g/dL

Question 38

Women tend to have lower RBCs due to less _____ and menstruation

Answer 38

Testosterone

Question 39

Too few RBCs triggers _____, which stimulates RBC production

Answer 39

Hypoxemia → kidneys release erythropoietin

Question 40

Spleen is erythrocyte _____

Answer 40

Graveyard (removes old RBCs)

Question 41

Breakdown heme → iron + _____, liver makes _____

Answer 41

Biliverdin; bilirubin

Question 42

Excess bilirubin produces _____

Answer 42

Jaundice

Question 43

Excess RBCs = _____

Answer 43

Polycythemia

Question 44

High RBC count due to low plasma = _____ polycythemia

Answer 44

Relative

Question 45

Iron-deficiency, pernicious (B12), aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic types are kinds of _____

Answer 45

Anemia

Question 46

Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation in _____

Answer 46

Beta chain of hemoglobin (HbS)

Question 47

Low WBC count is _____, high WBC count is _____

Answer 47

Leukopenia (<5k); leukocytosis (>10k)

Question 48

Cancer of blood-forming tissue is _____

Answer 48

Leukemia

Question 49

Platelets are fragments of _____, produced in _____

Answer 49

Megakaryocytes; red bone marrow

Question 50

Platelet count: _____ /µL

Answer 50

130,000–400,000

Question 51

Platelets form a plug, release growth factors, clotting factors, _____, antimicrobial peptides

Answer 51

Vasoconstrictors

Question 52

First hemostasis mechanism: _____

Answer 52

Vascular spasm

Question 53

Platelet plug relies on _____ coating to prevent sticking

Answer 53

Prostacyclin

Question 54

Positive feedback in platelet plug occurs via _____

Answer 54

ADP & Thromboxane A₂

Question 55

Clotting (coagulation) converts fibrinogen to _____

Answer 55

Fibrin

Question 56

Intrinsic pathway begins with factor _____, extrinsic with factor _____

Answer 56

XII; tissue thromboplastin (III) / factor VII

Question 57

Clotting requires _____ as a cofactor

Answer 57

Calcium (Ca²⁺)

Question 58

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into _____

Answer 58

Fibrin

Question 59

Clot retraction is driven by platelets pulling on _____

Answer 59

Fibrin meshwork

Question 60

Fibrinolysis activates _____ to plasmin

Answer 60

Plasminogen

Question 61

Antithrombin (from liver) deactivates _____

Answer 61

Thrombin

Question 62

Basophils/mast cells secrete _____ to inhibit clotting

Answer 62

Heparin

Question 63

Platelet count <100,000 causes _____

Answer 63

Thrombocytopenia

Question 64

Hemophilia A lacks factor _____; B lacks _____

Answer 64

VIII; IX

Question 65

Unbroken vessel clots = _____, traveling clot = _____

Answer 65

Thrombus; embolus

Question 66

Tissue death from blocked vessel is _____

Answer 66

Infarction (e.g., MI, stroke)

Question 67

Widespread clotting in small vessels is _____

Answer 67

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Question 68

Vitamin _____ is required for clotting factor synthesis

Answer 68

K

Question 69

Aspirin prevents clotting by suppressing _____

Answer 69

Thromboxane A₂

Question 70

Clot-buster drugs include _____, _____, _____

Answer 70

Streptokinase, tPA, hirudin/hementin