Bio 235 chapter 1 intro to human body Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
science of body structures and the relationships among them.
A
Anatomy
2
Q
science of body functions—how the body parts work.
A
Physiology
3
Q
six levels of organization
A
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal
4
Q
This very basic level can be compared to the
letters of the alphabet and includes atoms,
A
Chemical level
5
Q
Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
A
Atom
6
Q
two or more atoms joined together
A
Molecules
7
Q
basic
structural and functional units of an organism that are com-
posed of chemicals
A
Cells
8
Q
Molecules combine to form cells
A
Cellular level
9
Q
groups of cells and the materials
surrounding them that work together to perform a particular
function
A
Tissue
10
Q
four basic types of tissues
A
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and
nervous tissue.
11
Q
different types of tissues are
joined together
A
Organ level
12
Q
structures that are composed of two
or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions
and usually have recognizable shapes
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Organs
13
Q
consists of related organs (paragraphs) with a
common function.
A
System
14
Q
All the
parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total
organism.
A
Organismal level
15
Q
six most important life processes
A
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
16
Q
the sum of all chemical processes
nostic techniques.
that occur in the body.
A
Metabolism
17
Q
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
A
Catabolism
18
Q
building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
A
Anabolism
19
Q
body’s ability to detect and respond to
Changes
A
Responsiveness
20
Q
motion of the whole body, individual organs,
single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
A
Movement
21
Q
increase in body size that results from an increase
in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or
both.
A
Growth
22
Q
precursor cells,
which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
A
Stem cells
23
Q
refers either to (1) the formation of
new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the produc-
tion of a new individual
A
Reproduction
24
Q
the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.
A
Homeostasis
25
important aspect of homeostasis
maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, dilute, watery solutions containing dis-solved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
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The fluid within cells
Intracellular fluid
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fluid outside body cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
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The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
Interstitial fluid
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ECF within blood vessels
Blood plasma
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ECF within lymphatic vessels
Lymph
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ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
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ECF in joints
Synovial fluid
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ECF of the eyes
aqueous humor and vitreous body.
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serves as the body’s internal environment
ECF fluid
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How does nervous system regulate homeostasis
b y sending electrical signal known as
nerve impulses (action potentials) to organs that can counteract c h a n g e s f r o m t h e b a l a n c e d s t a t e .
36
How does endocrine system regulate homeostasis
Includes many
glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood.
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cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Feedback system or feedback loop
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body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level are…
controlled condition (controlled variable).
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Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
Stimulus
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three basic components Of a feedback system
Receptor
Control center
Effector
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body structure that monitors changes in a con-
trolled condition and sends input to a control center.
Receptor
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information flows toward the control center.
Afferent pathway
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sets the nar-
row range or set point within which a controlled condition should
be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and
generates output commands when they are needed.
Control center
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Input in receptors are in the form of…
Nerve Impulse or chemical signals
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Output from contol center typically occurs as…
Hormones or nerve impulse or chemical signals
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body structure that receives output
from the control center and produces a response or effect that
changes the controlled condition.
Effector
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reverses a change in a controlled condition. E.g BP
Negative feedback system
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strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. E.g contractions during childbirth
Positive feedback system
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Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference
Anatomical position
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the body is lying facedown
Prone position
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body is lying faceup
Supine position
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Principal regions of the body
head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs
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consists of the skull and face.
Head
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encloses and protects the brain
Skull
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front portion of the head that includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin.
Face
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supports the head and attaches it to the trunk
Neck
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consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Trunk
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attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of the limb from the shoulder to the elbow), forearm (portion of the limb from the elbow to the wrist), wrist, and hand.
Upper limb
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attaches to the trunk and consists of the buttock, thigh (portion of the limb from the buttock to the knee), leg (portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot.
Lower limb
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area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs.
Groin
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Anatomical name for skull
Cranial
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Anatomical name for head
Cephalic
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Anatomical name for neck
Cervical
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Anatomical name for armpit
Axillary
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Anatomical name for arm
Brachial
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Anatomical name for forearm
Antebrachial
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Anatomical name for front of elbow
Antecubital
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Anatomical name for wrist
Carpal
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Anatomical name for palm
Palmar or volar
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Anatomical name for fingers or toes
Digital or phalangeal
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Anatomical name for thigh
Femoral
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Anatomical name for anterior surface of knee
Patellar
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Anatomical name for leg
Crural
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Anatomical name for ankle
Tarsal
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Anatomical name for foot
Pedal
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Anatomical name for forehead
Frontal
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Anatomical name for temple
Temporal
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Anatomical name for Eye
Orbital or ocular
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Anatomical name for Ear
Otic
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Anatomical name for Cheek
Buccal
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Anatomical name for Nose
Nasal
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Anatomical name for Mouth
Oral
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Anatomical name for Chin
Mental
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Anatomical name for Breastbone
Sternal
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Anatomical name for Chest
Thoracic
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Anatomical name for Breast
Mammary
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Anatomical name for Navel
Umbilical
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Anatomical name for Hip
Coxal
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Anatomical name for Groin
Inguinal
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Anatomical name for Thumb
Pollex
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Anatomical name for Hand
Manual
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Anatomical name for Top of foot
Dorsum
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Anatomical name for Great toe
Hallux
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Anatomical name for Base of skull
Occipital
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Anatomical name for Shoulder blade
Scapular
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Anatomical name for Spinal column
Vertebral
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Anatomical name for Back of elbow
Olecranal or cubital
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Anatomical name for Between hips
Sacral
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Anatomical name for Buttock
Gluteal
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Anatomical name for Region of anus and external genitals
Perineal
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Anatomical name for Hollow behind knee
Popliteal
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Anatomical name for Calf
Sural
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Anatomical name for Sole
Plantar
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Anatomical name for Back
Dorsal
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Anatomical name for Loin
Lumbar
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Anatomical name for Heel
Calcaneal
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Directional term- Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.
Superior
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Directional term- Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
Inferior
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Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Anterior
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Nearer to or at the back of the body.
Posterior
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Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).
Medial
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Farther from the midline.
Lateral
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Between two structures.
Intermediate
113
On the same side of the body as another structure.
Ipsilateral
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On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Contralateral
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Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
Proximal
116
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the original structure
Distal
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Toward or on the surface of the body
Superficial
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Away from the surface of the body
Deep
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imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
Planes
120
a vertical plane that divides the
body or an organ into right and left sides.
Sagittal plane
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plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left side
Mid sagittal or median plane
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imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides
Midline
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Sagittal plane that does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left side
Parasagittal plane
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divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and poste- rior (back) portions
Frontal or coronal plane
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divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Transverse plane
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Other name for transverse plane
Cross sectional or horizontal plane
127
passes through the body or
an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle).
Oblique plane
128
cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described
Section
129
spaces that enclose internal organs.
Body cavities
130
The cranial bones form a hollow space of the head which contains the brain
Cranial cavity
131
formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column
Thoracic or chest cavity
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a fluid-
filled space that surrounds the heart,
Pericardial cavity
133
two fluid-filled spaces, one around each lung
Pleural cavity
134
between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the ver-tebral column and from the first rib to the
diaphragm
Mediastinum
135
extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis.
Abdominopelvic cavity
136
contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
Abdominal cavity
137
contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.
Pelvic cavity
138
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Viscera
139
a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures.
Membrane
140
slippery, double-layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior
Serous membrane
141
The parts of a serous membrane
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
142
thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities,
Parietal layer
143
thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.
Visceral layer
144
serous mem-
brane of the abdominal cavity.
Peritoneum
145
Nine abdominopelvic region
right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
R lumbar
Umbilical
L lumbar
R inguinal
Hypogastric
L inguinal
