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Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. > Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 21) --> Phytoplankton > Flashcards

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (Chpt 21) --> Phytoplankton Flashcards

1
Q

How many divisions of algae are there in freshwater ecosystems?

A

6

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2
Q

Meroplankton

A

Planktonic algae that spend a part of their life on substrate

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3
Q

Benthic algae

A

Associate with shallow water sediments or its vegetation

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4
Q

How are sediments/ macrophytes resuspended?

A

By windy periods

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5
Q

What kind of algae are in rapid flushed streams?

A

Tycholankton

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6
Q

What king of algae are in slow flushed rivers?

A

True phytoplankton

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7
Q

Potamoplankton

A

The suspended algae of lotic systems

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8
Q

True phytoplankton

A

Are those that reproduce within the water column

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9
Q

What does wind speed do?

A

It increases mixture but does not produce more algae

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10
Q

What is specie richness determined by? (3 things)

A
  1. Physical environment
  2. Chemical environment
  3. Biological environment
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11
Q

What is abundance not a good measure of?

A
  1. Growth rate
  2. Importance of a species in energy flow
    - Small species reproduce fast but also are removed fast
    - Large species reproduce slow but are removed less frequently
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12
Q

What dominates the algal biomass of nutrient rich temperate lakes and slow flowing rivers?

A
  1. Large colonies
  2. Clusters of intertwined cells
  3. Single filament of cyanobacteria

–> also dominate on ice covered polar lakes and polar meltwater streams that freeze solid in winter

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13
Q

What dominates slow flowing rivers and lakes at lower latitudes?

A

Large cyanobacteria

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14
Q

What predominates among benthic algae of hot springs and antarctic pools?

A

Large cyanobacteria

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15
Q

What dominates oligotrophic lakes

A

Tiny cyanobacteria

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16
Q

What 7 factors determine the dominate of particular species?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Light
  3. Co2
  4. pH
  5. Temperature
  6. Turbulence
  7. Grazers
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17
Q

Where is variation in particular species is most dominant?

A

In high nutrient lakes because there is more P but limited by N
–> smaller algae can out compete larger algae

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18
Q

What forms water columns?

A

Dissolved nutrients

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19
Q

What are 3 negative effects of highly visible blue-green blooms?

A
  1. Aesthetically displeasing
  2. Interfere with drinking water plants
  3. Interfere with the production of toxins that can cause illness in humans and death in livestock and wildlife
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20
Q

What are sand filters used for?

A

Used in the plants to remove the algal particles from the water

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21
Q

What happens when water is affected by blue-green blooms?

A

Requires special and expensive treatment to make is acceptable, otherwise is causes illness or even death (due to the production of toxins)

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22
Q

What is the main nutrient linked to the algal blooms and toxins in water source?

A

P

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23
Q

What are the major sources of P? (3 things)

A
  1. Septic and sewage
  2. Storm water
  3. Fertilizers
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24
Q

Neurotoxins (alkaloids)

A

Cause neurodegenerative symptoms through disruption in communication between neutrons and muscles

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25
Q

Hepatotoxin (peptides)

A

Causes weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory blockages

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26
Q

Lipo-Polyssachrides

A

Cause skin irritation

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27
Q

What are toxins in cyanobacteria found linked to? (2 things)

A
  1. Neuro-degenerative disease

2. Hapato-degenerative disease

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28
Q

What re the top 3 places with toxic blooms?

A
  1. Finland
  2. UK
  3. Scandinavia
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29
Q

What is chl-a composed of?

A
  1. Unicellular flagellated cells
  2. Non-flaggellated cells
  3. Colonies
  4. Filaments
  5. macroscopic charophyceans
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30
Q

What makes a major contribution to the to the phytoplankton richness in freshwater lakes?

A

The microscopic green algae

31
Q

Highly saline shallow lakes and wetlands are frequently dominated by what?

A

Green algae

32
Q

What is euglenophyta characterized by?

A

A small number of flagellated species that normally make a very small contribution phytoplankton biomass

33
Q

Where are euglenoids often abundant?

A

Amount the littoral zones and wetland vegetation and are sweet into rivers following storms

34
Q

What do bacillariophyta (diatoms) dominate?

A

The species composition during spring and fall overturn with a sufficient supply of silica (to build an exoskeleton) in temperate lakes

35
Q

What 2 lakes do diatoms make a major contribution to?

A
  1. Tropical lakes

2. Ultra-oligotrophic polar lakes

36
Q

What does the group chrysophyta consist of?

A

Relatively few species of small single-celled flagellated colonies

37
Q

What do chrysophyta modestly contribute to?

A

Species richness

- and a little to the phytoplankton biomass of eutrophic lakes

38
Q

What are cryptophyta?

A

A second group of small or medium sized flagellates

39
Q

Where do cryptophytas make their greatest proportional biomass contribution? (2 types of lakes)

A
  1. Oligotrophic polar lakes (more common)

2. Mesotrophic temperate lakes

40
Q

What is an important determinant of the max growth rate over a large size range?

A

Cell size

41
Q

What is an important determinant of the pathways of material and energy flow in aquatic systems?

A

Cell size

42
Q

What are utermohl inverted microscopes used for?

A

To quantify and identify the small algae

43
Q

Netplankton

A

The larger organisms retained by traditional plankton nets

44
Q

Nanoplankton

A

Those too small to be quantitatively retained by the nets, but readily enumerated under the utermohl microscope

45
Q

What are fluorescent dyes used for?

A

To allow phytoplankton as small as <1 um to be recognized

46
Q

Picoplankton

A

Algae, bacteria and protozoa with a max dimension between 2um and 0.2um

47
Q

Mictrophytes normally dominate in what kind of lakes, during what part of the year?

A
  • Dominate in europohic lakes

- During summer periods

48
Q

What happens to the doubling rate as size increases?

A

It decreases

49
Q

Compare large organisms to small organisms (reproduction and nutrient uptake)

A

Larger organisms take in less nutrients and response slower compared to small organisms

50
Q

What size organism dominates the primary production (large or small)?

A

Small

51
Q

What does the close relationship between cell size and growth rate demonstrate?

A

It indicates that over a large size range, the influence of cell volume on growth rate is much stronger than differences in growth linked to the particular taxonomic grouping

52
Q

What does the scatter around the best fit line between cell size and max growth demonstrate?

A

Shows that variables other than size plays a role in determining growth rates among species that differ little in size

53
Q

r-selected species

A

Small organisms, characterized by high max growth and loss rates

54
Q

k-selected species

A

Dominated by larger organisms with a reduced max growth rate

55
Q

Why must the k-selected species experience a reduced loss rate?

A

To be able to maintain their abundance

56
Q

What is the importance of chl-a?

A

Its a predictor of photosynthesis over a large (interval) scale
- can’t predict in a narrow range scale

57
Q

What happens to volumetric production if chl-a increases

A

Increases linearly

58
Q

Define the P:B ratio

A

Is the ratio of carbon fixed (P) to the phytoplankton biomass, expressed as carbon (B)per unit time
- It provides a useful measure of the rate at which algal carbon turns over

59
Q

What are the mixed layers in an average P:B ratio?

A

High in transparent oligotrophic systems and is low within and among aquatic systems when the community biomass is high (eutrophic waters)

60
Q

What do low ratios in entropic waters imply?

A

A low productivity per unit biomass of chl-a

61
Q

What do low specific growth rates imply?

A

Loss rates must also be low to allow the high biomass to be maintained

62
Q

What does a high P:B in nutrient poor transparent waters dominated by small species imply?

A

A rapid recycling of both organic matter and the nutrients in high demand

63
Q

What is the result of self shading?

A

A reduced community P:B under conditions of high phytoplankton biomass is primarily attributable to a poor effective light climate

64
Q

What does light limit?

A

Growth rates

65
Q

What happens to self shading as the community P:B decreases?

A

Increases

66
Q

What happens to the areal community production as self shading increases?

A

Increases with increasing nutrient richness but at a slower rate

67
Q

What happens to nutrient rich lakes as nanoplankton P:B increases?

A

They become dominated by small algae

68
Q

Eutrophication

A

Excess richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water

69
Q

What nutrients are responsible for the summer algal blooms in oligotrophic lakes?

A

N and P

70
Q

What happens to Chl-a and TP as TN increases?

A

They both increase

71
Q

What do N and/ or C do to algal biomass?

A

Nothing!

- They don’t increase

72
Q

What is P necessary to produce?

A

High algal blooms

73
Q

High grazers

A

Lower amount of biomass

74
Q

Low grazers

A

Higher amount of biomass

Bio 346 - Freshwater Eco. (14 decks)

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