Bio Flashcards

(55 cards)

1
Q

What is the main event of S phase?

A

DNA is replicated in preparation for a cell division

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2
Q

What does the Law of Segregation say?

A

The alleles for a trait will separate during formation of gametes and each gamete will only have one allele

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3
Q

Describe achondroplasia

A

An autosomal dominant disorder that causes dwarfism

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4
Q

What does autosomal refer too?

A

A non sex chromosome

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5
Q

Describe the heterozygous of a codominant trait

A

Will equally express both forms of the allele

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6
Q

Define epistasis

A

Refers to genes that mask the expression of other genes

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7
Q

Define pleiotropy

A

Used to describe a single gene that affects several phenotypes

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8
Q

Define polygenic

A

Means that a trait is a combination of many genes

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9
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis and its effects

A

An autosomal recessive trait characterized by excess mucus production that blocks lung passages

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10
Q

Describe brachydactyly

A

An autosomal dominant disorder that causes shortened fingers and toes

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11
Q

Describe albinism and its effects

A

An autosomal recessive trait that is characterized by the absence of the pigment melanin

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12
Q

Describe the heterozygous phenotype for incomplete dominance

A

Would be a blend between two expressions

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13
Q

When is a dihybrid cross used?

A

When two different traits are being crossed

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14
Q

Describe the term autosomal dominant

A

A person will have a condition as long as they have at least one dominant allele

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15
Q

What is the function of the stomata

A

Allows oxygen that is produced by photosynthesis to escape and that they allow carbon dioxide to be obtained

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16
Q

Which of the following is the function of rascular tissues in plants?

A

To transport chemicals and water throughout the plant

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17
Q

Which of the following are produced by the light reactions?

A

Oxygen, ATP, NADPH

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18
Q

What is the purpose of transcription?

A

Allows for the potions of DNA to be copied and transported from the cell to make proteins that help the cell function

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19
Q

What are the fragments making up the noncontinuous strand called?

A

Okazaki fragments

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20
Q

Which of the following make up the three steps of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, the kerbs cycle, electron transport chain

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21
Q

What did Rosalind Franklins research demonstrate?

A

DNA had a double-helical structure and sugar-phosphate backbone was on the outside while the bases were on the inside

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22
Q

What are the three molecules that make up a nucleotide

A

Phosphate, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar

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23
Q

What prevents each base from pairing with every other base?

A

Some bases make three bonds while other bases only capable of making two

24
Q

Which of the following would bind together to form a single strand of DNA

25
In which of the following dies glycolysis take place?
The cytoplasm
26
Where do the kerbs cycle and the electron transport chain occur?
The mitochondria
27
Photosynthesis occurs in which organelles?
Chloroplasts
28
Which of the following are uses of proteins?
Carrying messages from the nucleus through the cell, regulating what passes through the membrane and strengthening connection tissue in skin, bones, etc.
29
How are fats stored in the body?
As triglycerides
30
When are lipids (fat molecules) broken down into smaller molecules by your body?
During digestion and after you have used all your quick energy
31
In what form are sugars normally stored?
Polysaccharides
32
What do carbohydrates have to be broken down into glucose by the body?
Mitochondria needs glucose to produce energy for the body
33
Sucrose is made of what two monosaccharides?
Glucose and fructose
34
How many monosaccharides are in a disaccharide?
Two
35
How do monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides?
By removing water from the monosaccharide molecule
36
What happens during hydrolysis?
Bonds are broken by adding water
37
What happens during dehydration synthesis?
Bonds are created by removing water
38
Temporal speciation
Two species breed at different times, so they don't breed with each other
39
Point mutation
One base in the mutated chromosome is different from the original chromosome
40
Inversion mutation
One part of the mutated chromosome is out of order
41
Which of the following must be true for a mutation to change the gene pool of a particular species?
The mutation must have a physical effect
42
Humans have a small coccyx (tailbone) even though they don't use it or need it. What kind of structure is it?
Vestigial
43
When does the Law of Independence assortment not work?
When two genes in question are located close together on the same chromosome
44
How can you tell when genes are linked?
When the offspring show more parental types for two different traits than there are recombinants
45
When can nondisjunction occur?
During the first or second meiotic division
46
Define nondisjunction
The unequal division of chromosomes during meiosis
47
What does it mean for a disorder to be sex-linked?
Genes coding for that trait are found on the X chromosome
48
Why are more males then females affected by sex-linked recessive diseases?
Men have one X chromosome so if they get only one recessive allele they will be afflicted with that disease
49
What does it mean for a trait to be sex-influenced?
Will express themselves differently depending on the sex of the individual
50
What does it mean for a trait to be sex-limited?
Only occurs in traits unique to one sex or the other
51
Your kidneys work hard to clean your blood and need a lot of energy to work well. Kidney cells have an abundance of which of the following organelles?
Mitochondria
52
Cells that get their energy from external sources are called..
Heterotrophic
53
Why does the cell membrane have carbohydrates on its surface?
Carbohydrates help the body identify its own cells
54
What is the function of the mitochondria in a cell?
To convert glucose and oxygen into usable energy (ATP)
55
Define codon and anticodon
Codon: the sequence of three bases on a strand of mRNA that codes for an amino acids Anticodon: the bottom of a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on mRNA