BIO BASIS

Question 1

Neuron

Answer 1

a nervous cell, the basic building block of the nervous system

Question 2

Cell body

Answer 2

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus aka the cells life-support center

Question 3

Dendrites

Answer 3

a neurons branching extensions that receive messages

Question 4

Axon

Answer 4

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Question 5

Glial cells (Glia cells)

Answer 5

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

Question 6

Action Potential

Answer 6

a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Question 7

Threshold

Answer 7

a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Question 8

Refractory period

Answer 8

a brief resting pause in neural transmitting that occurs after a neuron has fired; action potentials can’t occur until the axon returns to its resting state

Question 9

Synapse

Answer 9

the junctions between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neurons

Question 10

What is the tiny space at the synapse called?

Answer 10

Synaptic Gap

Question 11

Neurotransmitters

Answer 11

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Question 12

Reuptake

Answer 12

a neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

Question 13

Nervous system

Answer 13

the bodies speedy, electrochemical communication network

Question 14

What are the parts within the nervous system?

Answer 14

Peripheral goes to automatic—sympathetic and parasympathetic (arousal and calming) and somatic(sensory output and motor output)

Question 15

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

Answer 15

the brain and spinal cord

Question 16

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 16

the sensory +motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Question 17

efferent neurons

Answer 17

neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain and spinal cords to muscles and glands

Question 18

afferent neurons

Answer 18

neurons that carry incoming info from the brain and spinal cords to muscles and glands

Question 19

interneurons

Answer 19

neurons within the brain and spinal cords, they communicate internally and process info between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Question 20

somatic nervous system

Answer 20

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodies skeletal muscles

Question 21

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 21

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands + the muscles of the internal organs such as the heart

Question 22

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

Question 23

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Answer 23

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body; conserving its energy

Question 24

Endocrine

Answer 24

the bodies “slow” chemical communication system, glands that put hormones into blood

Question 25

Adrenal glands

Answer 25

a pair of endocrine glands that sit above the kidneys that help arouse the body in times of stress

Question 26

Pituitary gland

Answer 26

the endocrines most influential gland and grow+control other endocrine glands

Question 27

Lesion

Answer 27

tissue destruction

Question 28

Hypothalamus

Answer 28

brain region that controls pituitary gland (hunger, eating, drinking)

Question 29

Thyroid gland

Answer 29

metabolism

Question 30

Adrenal glands

Answer 30

helps trigger "fight or flight" response

Question 31

testis

Answer 31

secretes male sex hormones

Question 32

pituitary gland

Answer 32

secretes many different hormones, some of which effect many other glands

Question 33

parathyroids

Answer 33

helps regulate amount of calcium in blood

Question 34

pancreas

Answer 34

regulates sugar in blood

Question 35

ovary

Answer 35

secretes female sex hormones

Question 36

Acetylcholine

Answer 36

enables muscle action, memory, and learning

Question 37

Dopamine

Answer 37

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Question 38

Serotonin

Answer 38

effects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Question 39

Norepinephrine

Answer 39

helps control alertness and arousal

Question 40

GABA

Answer 40

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 41

glutamate

Answer 41

neurotransmitter involved with memory;

Question 42

endorphines

Answer 42

neurotransmitter influence perception of pain vs pleasure

Question 43

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Answer 43

electrodes placed on scalp and measure electrical activity in neurons

Question 44

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

Answer 44

a head coil that records magnetic fields from brains natural electrical currents

Question 45

CT (computed tomography)

Answer 45

x rays of head generate images that locate brain damage

Question 46

PET (Positron emission tomography)

Answer 46

tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain of the person performed a task

Question 47

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 47

people sit or lie down in a chamber that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a map of the brain

Question 48

fMRI ( functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 48

measures blood flow to brain by comparing continuous MRI scans

Question 49

brainstem

Answer 49

in charge of automatic survival functions) the oldest part and central core of the brain

Question 50

reticular formation

Answer 50

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays a important role in controlling arousal

Question 51

Limbic system

Answer 51

neural system (includes amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus) that is located below the cerebral hemispheres and associated with emotions and drives

Question 52

Corpus callous

Answer 52

axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 53

Pons

Answer 53

helps coordinate sleep

Question 54

Spinal cord

Answer 54

helps control reflexes

Question 56

Cerebral cortex

Answer 56

ultimate control and information processing center

Question 57

output : motor complex

Answer 57

right hemisphere section that controls body left side

Question 58

input : somatosensory cortex

Answer 58

left hemisphere section that receives input from the bodies right side

Question 59

Somatosensory cortex

Answer 59

an area at the front of the parietal lobes that register and process body touch and movement sensations

Question 60

Association areas

Answer 60

areas of cerebral cortex that help with higher mental functions like learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

Question 61

neurogenesis

Answer 61

the formation of new neurons

Question 62

Plasticity

Answer 62

the brains ability to change, especially during childhood

Question 63

Split brain

Answer 63

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (corpus callosum)

Question 64

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 64

the study of the brain activity linked with cognition like perception, thinking, memory, and language

Question 65

dual processing

Answer 65

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Question 66

blindsight

Answer 66

a condition where a person can respond to visual stimuli without consciously experiencing it

Question 67

parallel processing

Answer 67

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously, used to process well learned info or to solve easy problems

Question 68

sequential processing

Answer 68

used to answer harder problems, processing one aspect of a problem at a time

Question 69

Epigenetics

Answer 69

the study of environmental influences n gene expression without changing DNA