BIO/BIOCHEM Flashcards
(387 cards)
1
Q
A positive cooperative protein would have ____.
A
A hill coefficient greater than 1
2
Q
Macrophages
A
Eat organisms
3
Q
Basophils
A
Release histamine => immune response (allergy mostly)
4
Q
neutrophils
A
Kill/eat bacteria
5
Q
natural killer cells
A
Release toxins to destroy virus infested
6
Q
Mast cell
A
Release histamine for allergic reaction
7
Q
Dendritic cell
A
Presents antigen to activate other immune cells
8
Q
Bulbourethral glands
A
secrete thick and alkaline mucus
9
Q
Prostate glands
A
Prevent coagulation of sperm in vagina
10
Q
Seminal glands
A
Largest component of the seminal fluid
11
Q
Lipid droplets from intestine into bloodstream pathway
A
Interstitial fluid => lymph capillaries => lymph vessel => lymph duct => vein
12
Q
Hydrochloric acid is made by which cell in de stomach
A
Parietal
13
Q
G-cells secrete
A
Gastrin to regulate secretion of HCl
14
Q
Chief cells
A
Secretes pepsinogen => pepsin (polypeptide into smaller fragments)
15
Q
Mucous cells
A
Secrete mucus and bicarbonate to protect the stomach
16
Q
ADH
A
Inserts aquaporin to make the collecting duct more permeable for water => increase fluid
17
Q
What digests triglyceride?
A
Lingual lipase (to monoglyceride)
18
Q
How can pyruvate be converted into OAA?
A
pyruvate carboxylase
19
Q
Digestion of carbs/
A
Salivary amylase (to shorter and smaller things)
20
Q
Can aspartate and malate be converted into OAA?
A
Yes, via transaminase and malate DH, respectively
21
Q
Reducing SDS or anything
A
Cuts de disulfide bonds (result in multiple bands)
22
Q
Palmitic acid
A
Saturated fatty acid (just contains carboxylic acid)
23
Q
Phosphatidylserine
A
24
Q
Sphingomyelin
A
25
Net product of Glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
26
Fate of pyruvate after Glycolysis
1.) Turned into Acetyl-CoA via Pyruvate DH
2.) Turn into lactate (Lactate DH)
27
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Contains some unique enzymes that can be confused
1. G6P DH: produces NADPH and 6PG
2. 6PG DH: produces NADPH and Ribulose-5-phosphate (nucleotide)
3. Ribulose-5-phosphate => F6P (into glycolysis)
28
Importance of NADPH
Useful for cholesterol synthesis, FA synthesis, and protection against ROS
29
Free anomeric carbon
A carbon that is not part of the glycosidic linkage, and contains at least one hydroxide group
30
The only non-reducing sugar is
sucrose
31
A sugar without a hemiacetal is
non-reducing sugar
32
The hook
Connects basal body to the filament; transmits torque, but does not do the rotation
33
Basal body
Acts a rotor
34
Somatic neuron
involves a skeletal muscle
35
Autonomic neuron
Involves everything but the skeletal muscle
36
Transportation of short FA into mitochondria
Just gets in there
37
Transportation of long FA into mitochondria
activated by ACS
put carnitine on it to make it able to translocate into the mitochondria
38
Transamination reaction
part of protein catabolism
Transfers NH3 from AA to a-ketogluterate => L-glutamate
Deamination of glutamate => ammonia => urea cycle
39
Glucogenic AA
Conversion into pyruvate or TCA intermediates
40
Ketogenic AA
Conversion directly into acetyl-CoA and/or FA or Kentone bodies
41
glycogenolysis
Conversion of Glycogen into G6P
42
Can muscle make G6P into glucose?
no, it lacks the glucose-6-phosphatase. Can't release it into the blood stream
43
Steps of muscle contraction
44
exocrine glands
Secretions released onto the exterior body surface (skin, intestine, ...)
45
parts of TCA that produces energy carriers
1. Isocitrate => a-ketogluterate (NADH)
2. a-ketogluterate => succinyl-CoA (NADH)
3. Succinyl-CoA => succinate (GTP)
4. succinate => fumarate (FADH2)
5. malate => OAA (NADH)
46
Difference between DNA sequencing and Southern Blot
DNA sequencing is finding the entire sequence of DNA
Southern blot is trying to find a particular seq
47
vasoconstriction
decreases diameter/blood flow
increases blood pressure
48
Digestion of lipids in the small intestine
Emulsification (mechanical) via bile salts
hydrolysis (chemical) via pancreatic lipase
49
pyloric sphincter
lower sphincter of the stomach
50
Adrenal medulla secretes ...
catecholamines; short-term hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
51
Adrenal cortex secretes
glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
52
cortisol function
increase blood-glucose levels
53
Why is posterior pituitary special?
neural stalk from the hypothalamus secretes hormones at that location to the blood
54
CCK hormone
stimulates pancreatic secretions + gallbladder contraction
Induces satiety
55
Transverse tubule
leads to rapid + complete depolarization of muscle fiber
56
motor endplate
facilitates transmission btw muscle cells
57
pyruvate decarboxylase
pyruvate => acetaldehyde (we don't do dis)
58
epiphyses
round ends covered by articular cartilage
59
diaphysis
hollow shaft covered by bone marrow
60
metaphyses
where epiphyses and diaphysis meet (serves as site of longitudinal growth)
61
periosteum
covers and protects long bones
62
Chondrocytes
make up cartilage that provides support and cushioning
63
lamellae
concentric rings of bone matrix
64
Haversian and Volkmann canals
runs vertically and horizontally, respectively
65
canaliculi
channels that allow for waste exchange and nutrient delivery
66
lacunae
mitotically inactive sites
67
Types of connective tissue
Bone, blood, fat, tendon/ligament/cartilage
68
steroid hormone synthesis
isoprene => monoterpene => squalene => chloesterol
69
Vitamin D
Synthesized in response to sunlight; converted to calcitriol
Stimulates absorption of calcium
70
Small intestine structures
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
71
Large intestine structures
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
72
Right ventricle has ____ compared to the left ventricle
Thinner walls
73
high-performance liquid chromatography
Separates via polarity; contains hydrophobic/philic beads
For smaller molecules
If it can stick to the column, then it elutes slower
74
The skin function
Protection
Maintain body OSMolarity
Regulation of homeostasis
75
Keratin
Protection against injury to skin
76
Endothelial cells
Lines interior of cardiovascular system
77
Do viruses have a phospholipid bilayer
Sometimes. They can be enveloped (have the bilayer) or nonenveloped
78
Protozoan
Single-celled eukaryotic organism
79
Capillary Oncotic pressure
Pulling force that causes fluid to enter capillaries
80
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Pushing force that leads to fluids exit capillaries
81
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
Pushing force that cause fluid to enter capillaries
82
Fast-twitch muscle fibers
Achieve more rapid contraction than slow-twitch; hydrolysis ATP faster
Less mitochondria
83
Slow-twitch muscle fibers
Contracts slower rate; more fatigue resistant
84
Type 2x fibers
Rely on only glycolysis for ATP production
85
Type 2A fibers
Rely on both oxidative and nonoxidative (anaerobic) to ATP production; more susceptible to fatigue
86
Hemoglobin have
R and T state => cooperatively
87
R state
Relaxed state => high oxygen affinity
88
T state
Tense state => low oxygen affinity
89
Hermatocrit
RVC volume as percentage of total blood volume
90
Long intestine mostly absorb
Salt and water
91
Parallel evolution
When two more closely related species continue to evolve the same characteristics in similar environments
92
Sucrose
glucose + fructose (alpha)
93
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose (beta)
94
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose (alpha)
95
Absolute refractory period
Consistent of depolarization + repolarization (no new stimulus can occur here)
96
Relative refractory period
New stimulus can occur here
97
Does the equilibrium constant change with the addition of a catalyst
No. See also that Gibbs also doesn’t change, which is also related to Keq
98
Phosphorolysis
Breaking apart molecule using inorganic phosphate
99
Adding a negative charge would impact the pI how?
It would decrease it
100
A low pKa is a
Strong acid
101
pH < pI
protonated
102
Meaning of Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped by heart per unit time
CO = HR (Heart rate) * SV (Stroke volume)
103
Glycerol can be turned into _____.
DHAP in the glycolysis pathway
104
Gram positive
Thick wall of peptidoglycan + lipoteichoic wall
105
Gram negative
Thin wall of peptidoglycan + 2 layers of phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide
106
Microfilaments
Made up of actin
Role in cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
107
Microtubule
Hollow polymer of tubulin protein
Provides pathways for kinesis/dynein
108
Kinetochores
Appears at the centrosome on the centromere; attachment points
109
FSH (for males)
Sertoli cell => sperm maturation
110
LH (for males)
Interstitial cells => testosterone
111
Estrogen is secreted in response to _____.
FSH
112
Progesterone is secreted in response to _____.
LH
113
FSH (female)
maintenance of female reproductive system + secondary characteristics
114
LH (female)
development + maintenance of endometrium
Surge leads to ovulation
115
3 phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal
116
Follicular Phase
Increase in GnRH due to decrease in estro/prog
Increase in FSH (follicular cells) + LH (make androgens)
Increase in Estrogen => decrease in GnRH
117
Ovulation phase
Estrogen spike => GnRH increase => increase in LH and FSH
Leads to follicle rupture => release secondary oocyte
118
Luteal Phase
Rupture follicle => corpus luteum
C.L. => progesterone => decrease in GnRh, FSH, and LH
119
Egg development
Fertilized egg => 2-cell to 16-cell => morula => blastula => gastrula => neurulation
120
Ectoderm develops into
Everything that makes you attractive (looks, intelligence)
121
Endoderm develops into
Epithelial lining
Exocrine glands (liver, pancreas, ...)
122
Mesoderm develops into
Develops muscular and connective tissue (muscular, circulatory, excretory)
123
Axon
Long appendage where action potential travels
124
Axon hillock
Cell body transition to axon
125
Stroke Volume
Volume of blood pumped per beat
126
Osmotic vs oncotic pressure
Same thing, it's just that most of osmotic pressure is attributed to plasma protein
127
Interferons
Proteins that prevent viral replication
128
Desmosomes
Anchors adjacent cells by anchoring to cytoskeletons
129
Chylomicron
Transport from intestine to tissues
130
VLDL
Transport from liver to tissues
131
LDL
Cholesterol to cells
132
IDL
Picks up cholesterol ester from HDL => LDL
By liver
133
HDL
Picks up cholesterol accumulate in blood vessels
134
Low Km
High affinity
135
Retroviruses require ....
Reverse transcriptase to make RNA -> cDNA
Integrase to integrate cDNA into host DNA
136
Both RNA and DNA polymerases bind to the promoter
No, only RNA polymerase. DNA binds to primer-template junction
137
+ sense virus
Lytic
Use of RNA as genetic material => direct translation into proteins
138
negative sense virus
Lytic
Use of RNA as genetic material (can't be translated directly) => RNA replicase to positive sense => translation of protein
139
DNA virus
Lysogenic
viral DNA => nucleus => incorporated into host DNA
140
Ganglioside
141
Cerebroside
142
Glycerophospholipid
143
Ceramide
Water retention on skin
144
Sphingolipid
145
Hydroxyl groups will face which way (?) on the Haworth projection IF the Fischer projection depicts them pointing right
Down
146
Gated channels
Bind a ligand => open to allow specific ions to pass
147
A common Palindromic sequence (example)
5'-AAGCT-3'
148
If it has the word integrase when referring to a virus, then
It is a retrovirus.
149
Retroviruses are always
Single-stranded RNA
150
Thalamus function
Relay station for info + plays a role in memory
151
A monoterpene contains
2 isoprene units
152
Isoprene unit
153
Steroid hormones
Produced by gonads/adrenal cortex
Binds directly to DNA + needs a carrier (albumin)
154
Amino-acid derivative hormones
Anything with an -ine
Bind to GPCR
155
Tropic hormones
Causes release of another hormone
156
Direct hormone
Acts directly on the tissue
157
Type I Diabetes
Autoimmune destruction of the b-cells in pancreas
158
Inhalation
Contraction of diaphragm
159
Exhalation
Relaxation of diaphragm
160
Intrapleural space
Helps to lubricate btwn two pleural surfaces
161
Total Lung Capacity
Maximum volume of air in the lungs
162
Residual Volume
Volume of air remaining in lungs when exhaled
163
Vital Capacity
TLC - RV
164
Tidal volume
Volume of air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath
165
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume of additional air forcibly exhaled
166
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume of additional air forcibly inhaled
167
Hypercabia
Increase in CO2 in the blood
168
Cells in the Epidermis
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
169
What is in the dermis
Sweat gland, blood vessels, and hair
Sensory receptors located here
170
Hypodermis
Contains fat and fibrous tissue
171
Cardiac muscles are
Uninucleated with intercalated discs (gap junctions)
172
Smooth muscles
Nonstriated under autonomic control
173
Skeletal muslces
Striated under somatic control
Separated into slow and fast twitch fibers
174
Sacromere
Basic unit of striated muscle; made of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
175
Mendel's first law of segregation
Centers around separation of homologous chromosomes
176
Mendel's second law: independent assortment
Inheritance of one gene does not impact inheritance of another
177
Penetrance
Proportion of individual that carry allele actually express phenotype
178
transposons
Insert/remove themselves from DNA
179
punctuated equilibrium
Change in species occur in rapid bursts
180
Variable expressivity
single genotype produces multiple different phenotypes
181
In blood, plasma layer consists of
Albumin, hormones, electrolytes, etc
182
Calcitonin
"Tones" down [Ca] in the blood.
Secreted by thyroid gland
Antagonistic to PTH
183
Ghrelin vs Leptin
Grehlin involves hunger (growling stomach)
Leptin involves satiety
184
Some structures of Steroid hormones (low yield)
185
Vitamin C is another name for
Ascorbic acid
186
Northern blot
Separates specific RNA molecules according to size
187
Coagulation cascade (first few steps)
Prothrombin => thrombin => fibrin
Happens when blood vessel is damaged, platelets clog the vessel.
Damaged endothelial => coagulation cascade
188
Fat soluble Vitamins
DAKE
189
Vitamin A structure
190
Vitamin B structure
191
Vitamin C structure
192
Vitamin D structure
193
Feeding into Krebs cycle
194
Krebs cycle structures
195
Peptide hormone vs amino-acid derived hormone
Peptide hormone is made of peptide bonds => more residues than amino-acid derived
196
Something special about quaternary structure is that
They display cooperativity
197
Uncompetitive
Reduces both Vmax and Km to the same extent
198
Noncompetitive
Reduces only the Vmax
199
FA synthesis (just be familiar with the names + steps)
200
Iodine is necessary for
Synthesis of thyroid hormone
201
Calcitriol or Vitamin D is responsible for
Increasing blood-calcium levels
202
Baseline
Usually an initial measurement before the actual experiment
203
cofactor and coenzymes are
Required for enzyme activity
204
Pulmonary arteries
Go from the right ventricle into the lungs
205
Superior/Inferior vena cava
Blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium
206
How to calculate the net change in charge of an AA
207
What is the limiting step in the FA oxidation
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
208
Difference between the FA synthesis and oxidation enzymes
FA synthesis contain ACP, while FA oxidation contains DH
209
If you increase more solutes inside the blood vessels (ex: albumin), then
you increase the oncotic pressure
210
xylulose
211
Can sphingolipids be hydrolyzed to produce FA
Nope, these are structural lipids
212
IF blood produces A-antigen, then
it is a type A blood
213
Uterus
protects/nourishes developing embryo and fetus
Contains myometrium
214
Difference between Sex-linked and autosomal
Sex-linked is males expressing the recessive gene at a higher rate than females
Autosomal is passed thru organism with inheritance (Similar proportion btw)
215
How to solve a 4x4 Punnett square
Separate them into two Punnett squares with their own distinct allele
Andddd multiply those proportions
216
crossing over is also known as
recombination
217
A pull-down assay is
Used to determine the physical interactions between two or more proteins
218
Signal sequence domain
Found in proteins destined for secretion
219
Nuclear factors
Are transcription factors that can regulate gene expression
220
Dimerization typically occur in
hydrophobic areas
221
Template strand
Sequence of DNA is copied from for mRNA production
Called antisense strand
222
TCA
223
Reverse transcriptase
conversion of a single-stranded RNA to double-stranded DNA
224
RNA polymerases
Synthesize mRNA from DNA template
225
Which are both ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids
FITTT
Phenylalanice
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Tyrosine
226
Which amino acids are ketogenic?
Leucine
Lysine
227
Which amino acids are glucogenic?
Everything else (besides, FITTT, LL)
228
are promoters and enhancers sequences in every cell, despite the protein not being expressed?
Yes.
229
TCA mnemonic
Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?
230
Fumarate structure
231
succinate structure
232
malate structure
233
OAA structure
234
Nucleotide Excision Repair is used for
Against T-T dimers
Cut and paste process
235
Base Excision repair
Used for Cysotine deamination
Produces AP site
236
hnRNA is
turns into mRNA via post-transcriptional modifications
237
Glycerol-3-P DH
Turns DHAP (from glycolysis) to Glycerol-3-P (used for TGL synthesis and electron shuttle)
238
PEPCK
Converts OAA to PEP (requires GTP)
239
Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
Centers around NADH and its transfer of electrons to the FAD+ => FADH2 to drop it off at Q => QH2
240
Negative selection involves
Elimination of developing lymphocytes that bind strongly to self-antigens
241
Positive selection involves
Effective bind to "self" MHC molecule => will not undergo apoptosis
242
Can liver impact the oncotic pressure of the capillaries?
Yes it can. It has the potential to secrete plasma proteins/clotting factors => impact pressure
243
To calculate the frequency of the heterozygous mutation for Hardy-Weinberg
2 p * q, not pq
244
Should you count the initial (not purified yet) for the total yield?
Nope, don't do it
245
What does liver secrete into the lumen
bile
246
Cecum comes
Before the colon.
Rectum comes after the colon
247
Do we use denaturing agents for PAGE when it comes to DNA
No, the charge is all the same so
248
Similar amino acid sequences will
Fold similarly
249
MHC I is
Present on every cell; tells CTLs and NKs to initiate apoptosis
250
MHC II
Present only on specialized cells (dendritic/macrophage); they present this to the Helper T cells that signal to B-cells to initiate antibody production
251
Spleen
filters, stores, and destroys RBC.
Active B cells found here
252
Lymph nodes
Monitor lymph for any antigen + activate lymphocytes on detection
253
Complement protein
Proteins that increase effectiveness of antibodies by recruiting phagocytes
254
How does debranching enzyme remove glucose from branch points?
Hydrolysis.
Phosphorylation is for removing linear
255
(T/F) Liver produces Ketone bodies
True
256
If error bars do not overlap, then
the points are significant
257
Egg development
Oogonium (di) => primary oocyte (di) => secondary oocyte (ha) => ovum (ha)
258
Prostaglandins
Produce local inflammatory responses
259
Step 1 of Glycolysis
Hexokinase
Conversion of Glucose to G6P
260
Step 2 of glycolysis
Phosphoglucoisomerase
G6P to F6P
261
Step 3 of Glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
F6P to F-1,6BP
262
Step 4/5 of Glycolysis
Aldolase/Isomerase
F-1,6BP to GAP
DHAP to GAP
263
Step 6 of Glycolysis
GAP DH
GAP to 1,3 BPG
264
Step 7 of Glycolysis
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
1,3 BPG to 3PG
265
Step 8 of Glycolysis
Phosphoglyceromutase
3PG to 2PG
266
Step 9 of Glycolysis
Enolase
2 PG to PEP
267
Step 10 of Glycolysis
Pyruvate Kinase
PEP to pyruvate
268
Smooth muscle cells help with
Vasoconstriction/dilation
They surround the endothelial cells
269
Extracellular space
Everything outside the cell
270
Coding strand for the DNA is
the exact same as the mRNA sequence.
271
What happens during the "processing" of the pre-mRNA?
5'-cap and poly-A tail are added.
272
DNA-histone complex is called
Chromatin
273
DNA-histone complex in the closed formation
Heterochromatin
274
Acetylating the histone would
promotes gene transcription
275
Pharynx is a
Cavity, not a tissue
276
During inspiration
Contraction of diaphragm
Decrease intrapleural pressure
Elevation of rib cage
277
Cillia
hair-like organelles (nasal, muscocillary escalator, phagocytosis)
Removes inhaled particles
278
Glucose is _____ compared to glycogen
More soluble
279
Aconitase converts
Citrate to cis-aconitate to Isocitrate
Conversion thru an intermediate
280
Co-dominance can be seen when
Neither allele is fully dominant
281
Michaelis-Menten assumptions
(1) free-ligand approximation
(2) steady state approximation
(3) irreversibility approximation
282
Free-ligand approximation
Substrate concentration is constant during reaction
283
Steady-state approximation
[ES] remains constant
284
Irreversibility approximation
reaction only proceeds in forward direction
285
For michaelis-menten, approximations
Only the initial reaction rate is counted
286
Steps of Western-Blot
1. Sample subjected to electrophoresis
2. Proteins transferred to protein-binding membrane
3. Addition of blocking proteins
4. Addition of primary/secondary antibodies
5. Fluorescence
287
Ceramide
288
Sphingosine structure
289
Sphingomyelin can contain
Either phosphocholine or a phosphoethanolamine group
Contains a primary amine group or (CH3)3 - N group
290
Allosteric enzymes are
enzymes that have multiple binding sites
Usually one of them is an active site + allosteric site
291
Covalent modifications are
Phosphorylation + Glycosylation
292
How can we determine the primary sequence of AA?
Edman degradation
293
Difference between Glycogenesis + Glycogenolysis
Process of Making and Breaking Glycogen, respectively.
294
Episome
lengths of DNA attached to chromosome of bacteria
295
Where are centrioles in the cell?
Near the nucleus
296
Kinetochores
Protein-DNA complex to which spindle fibers bind to during mitosis
Not present during G0
297
Proteasomes
Degrade ubiquitinated proteins
298
If we added more blood volume and kept the surface area of the blood the same, then
The pressure will go up in the blood
299
Type I muscle fiber
Slow oxidative (aerobic)
Contains a shit ton of myoglobin/capillaries/mitochondria (appears red)
More for endurance
300
Type 2A muscle fiber
Fast oxidative-glycolytic (both)
Medium level of myoglobin/capillaries/mitochondria
Medium-level
301
Type 2x muscle fiber
Fast glycolytic
Low level of everything (more for weight lifting)
More for weight-lifting
302
If we were to prevent expression of envelope proteins, we would
Prevent production of retroviruses
303
What is the difference between PFK-1 and PFK-2
PFK-2 converts F6P to FB2,6P, activating PFK-1
PFK-1 converts F6P to FB1,6P to glycolysis
In a way, they are both related to glycolysis
304
To convert pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, what do we require
NAD+
H-SCoA
305
Special reaction of Aspartate
It can be converted to OAA via transamination (this is malate-aspartate shuttle)
306
Right before ovulation, which hormone levels are high?
LH, FSH, and Estrogen
307
FSH and LH cause
Conversion to corpus luteam, which secretes progesterone
This progesterone thickens endometrium => receptive for implantation
(Luteal phase above)
308
A decrease in FSH/LH would lead to
an increase in GnRH => increase in FSH and LH
309
In females, FSH would lead to
Stimulation of follicular cells
310
In females, LH would lead to
production of sex hormones (androgens) via thea cells
311
FSH makes this one hormone
Estrogen by converting androgen
312
An increase in Estrogen
Decreases GnRH => decrease in LH and FSH
313
Genetic leakage
gene flow from one species to another via hybrid offspring
314
Cathodes are _____ and anodes are _____.
Negatively-charged and positively-charged, respectively.
Where they move depends on what they are and where you put them
315
A key component of protein folding is
Hydrophobic interactions
316
Compared to cytosine, guanine has
more hydrogen bond donors than acceptors (opposite for cytosine)
317
Adenine/thymine have
Equal number of hydrogen bond donor/acceptors
318
Cleavage furrow forms when
contractile actin begins to pinch the parental cells in two
319
Difference between glycerophospholipid and triglycerides
Glycerophospholipids have two FA chains + glycerol, while triglycerides have three + glycerol
320
Bacterial cells perform ETC on
their cell membrane.
They don't need mitochondria to do dis shit
321
imprinted gene
Similar expression level between offspring and parent
If parent allele is methylated, then your allele would also be methylated (in other words)
322
hybridization
two complementary DNA/RNA produce double stranded
323
Outbreeding
Mating with non-relatives
324
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the
first and rate-limiting step of FA synthesis
325
lipid rafts are
primarily made up of either chloesterol/sphingolipids
326
Neural crest cells lead to
Peripheral nervous system
327
Lacteals
Uptake fat into the lymph
328
Enveloped viruses enter via
Endocytosis
329
Diencephalon
Thalamus + hypothalamus
330
Brainstem
Involuntary function
Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain
331
Cerebrum
Higher level mental function
Contains frontal lobe, motor/somatosensory cortex/limbic system
332
superior colliculli
visual info
333
Inferior colliculi
auditory info
334
FA synthesis
335
Complex II in oxidative phosphorylation is
Succinate DH
336
ETC
337
Beta-oxidation
338
Synthase is a
Lyase
Breakdown of molecule into two molecules
339
Microtubules are made of _____, while microfilaments are made of ______.
Tubulin proteins; actin proteins
340
The first step of using Amino acids for energy is
Oxidation via transamination
See Leucine => a-ketogluterate
341
Glycerol can be converted into
DHAP using Glycerol kinase
342
Lipolysis is/is not part of fatty acid oxidaiton
Is not
343
Palmitoycarnitine is
Derived from fat
344
Compared to Short/Medium FA chains, the Long FA chains are activated in the
Cytosol.
Short/Medium are activated in the matrix
345
DNA viruses are
Similar to the host's genome, therefore utilize host machinery to make viral components
346
Hypothetically, a +ssRNA virus can
be directly translated by ribosomes into proteins.
Most important of these proteins is the viral RNA-polymerase that can transcribe and translate more viral proteins
347
Viruses are ___ for microscope
Way too small
348
If a virus replicates through DNA intermediates, then
It is a retrovirus. They have a reverse transcriptase
349
The only difference between Archaea and Bacteria is that
Only bacteria has the peptidoglycan wall
350
What are siRNA used for
Decrease translation of target proteins
351
Cell determination
Specification of cell's fate
352
Cell differentiation
Acquisition of unique biochemical/structural features
353
RER is where the protein ___.
Undergoes structural modification in the lumen.
354
Signal sequence is found on _____, and is important for ______.
mRNA; docking into the RER.
355
RNA polymerases bind to DNA on the ______.
Promoter
356
Chemiosmosis
Movement of H+ ions down an electrochemical gradient to produce energy (ETC)
357
Myosin binds _____ after ___ bind _____.
actin;
troponin binds calcium
358
There are ___ rings in chloesterol
4
359
Where does the Glomerular filtrate have the highest concentration?
Near the bottom of the Loop of Henle
Medullar portion really
360
During the action potential (depolarization), Na+ ions _____.
Move into neuron
361
Transcription factors _____.
Bind to DNA on promoter + control rate of transcription
362
A lipid raft is where
There is a shit ton of chloesterol + differing levels of everything else lmao
363
The ____ leads to filtration in glomerulus, while __ leads to filtration everywhere else
Pressure difference (hydrostatic); countercurrent exchange system
364
(T/F) Enzymes change the primary structure of a protein
Nope.
365
(T/F) enzymes can alter pH
Yeah, they can.
366
Being highly specific in an assay has to do with ____.
measuring just that enzyme
367
Erthrocytes are unique in that
They don't contain a nucleus (so no DNA) or mitochondria
368
What is the endomembrane system
Membrane-bound organelles that function to modify/transport proteins
369
Clarthin
Involved with endocytosis
370
Cell-cell junctions are comprised of _____.
Cell adhesion molecules
371
Desmosomes
Binding adjacent cells by anchoring to cytoskeletons
372
Hemi-desmosomes
Attach to epithelial cells to underlying structures
373
Cadherins are
Calcium dependent cell-adhesion proteins
374
Integrins are
Important in cell growth, migration, and immune responses
375
Selectins serve as
initial interaction btwn leukocytes + endothelial cells
376
Only arteries have the muscles to vasoconstrict
Yes
377
Vasodilation causes a
decrease in blood pressure (opposite for vasoconstriction)
378
sesquiterpenes are made up of
triterpenes are made up of
3 isoprene units
6 isoprene units
Note: 1 terpene = 2 isoprene w
379
Choline molecule
380
De relationship btwn Cerebroside and Ceramide
381
Arabinose structure
382
xylulose structure
383
Most sensory receptors are located in the
dermis
384
Action potential of a neuron
385
Coding strand/template strand
386
Sense vs Antisense strand
387
How does reverse transcriptase work
