CHEM/PHYS Flashcards
(232 cards)
1
Q
Lewis acid
A
Accepts electron pair
2
Q
Visible light range
A
400 nm to 750 nm (purple to red)
3
Q
Total internal reflection occurs when
A
The incident angle of light is greater than the critical angle
4
Q
Light refraction occurs when
A
The incident angle of light is less than the critical angle
5
Q
how to calculate the focal length
A
1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 2/r
6
Q
Convex mirrors are
A
Divergent
7
Q
Convex lens are
A
Convergent
8
Q
magnification equation
A
M = -i / o
If M > 1, then it is larger than the obj
If M < 1, then it is smaller than the obj
9
Q
Conduction transfer
A
Transfer heat via direct contact
10
Q
Convection transfer
A
Through flow of fluids
11
Q
Radiation
A
Heat transfer through EM waves
12
Q
A more dense solvent would be ____ compared to the less dense solvent
A
On the bottom (Lower layer)
13
Q
To calculate the empirical + molecular formula,
A
- Divide each mass by the MW (Periodic table)
- Divide by the smallest value from above
- Multiply to get to MW
14
Q
Resolving agents are used to
A
Separate enatiomers by turning them into diastereomers
15
Q
IR functional group: OH
A
3300 broad
16
Q
IR functional group: NH
A
Around the same place as -OH (sharp, not broad though)
17
Q
IR functional group: C tripe bond O/N
A
2200 medium
18
Q
IR functional group: C double bond O
A
1750 sharp
19
Q
IR functional group: C double bond C
A
1600 weak
20
Q
We can detect aromatic groups on NMR at shifts ranging from _____.
A
~7-8 ppm
21
Q
Electron capture
A
Converts proton to Neutron as a result of electron combining with proton
22
Q
Positron emission (B+)
A
Unstable proton becomes neutron and positron
23
Q
Electron emission (B-)
A
neutron go to proton
24
Q
Apparent weight equation
A
W(app) = W(air) - Fb
W(air) => is the actual weight of the obj due to gravity
Fb => upward buoyant force
25
Archimedes principle
Body wholly or partially immersed in fluid will be buoyed upward by another force equal to the weight of fluid displacement
F(buoy) = p(fluid) * V(fluid displace) * g = p (fluid) * V(submerg) * g
26
Specific gravity equation
SG = p(substance)/p(water)
27
Hydrostatic pressure
Total pressure exerted by fluid on submerged object
P = Po + pgh
28
Fractional distillation works best for
Compounds with boiling points less than 25C apart
29
Vacuum distillation works best for
Boiling points of substance is greater than 150 C
30
Simple distillation
Below 150 C with at least 25 C or greater in boiling point
31
There’s an increase in reactivity with
Increasing atomic number
32
Wavelength + frequency eqna
33
Power equation
P = W/t
J / s
34
Newton’s law of motion eqns
V = Vo + at
V^2 = Vo^2 + 2ax
Xf-xi = Vo * t + 1/2at^2
35
Constructive interference occurs
At integer multiples
2d sin(theta) = nh
36
1 mol e- =
1 faraday
37
Closed pipe wavelength
L = (n/2)lambda
38
Lens strength equation
S = 1/f
39
Magnetic Lorentz force
F = q( v * B)
40
Henry’s law of solubility
C = Kh * Pgas
Amt of gas dissolved in a particular solvent is directional proportional to partial pressure of gas above
41
For ppm, what do we do?
Just multiply by 10^6
42
Conformational isomers
Same molecules that have different rotations
43
Self-ionization constant
Kw = [H3O][OH-] = 1 *10^-14
44
Bernoulli's equation does ...
Describe the flow of an ideal fluid within pipe between two points
45
True or false: Molecular weight of a compound in Amu = 1 mole
False. It would only equal to mol when it has been multiplied by Avogadro's number
46
Is Diamagnetic attracted to magnets?
No, only paramagnetic is. Diamagnetic is weakly repelled.
47
Longer wavelengths ____ for refractions
Don't refract as well as shorter wavelengths
48
Observed rotation equation
49
Isochoric process
Volume does not change
50
Potential energy of a spring
U = (1/2)kx^2
51
anhydride structure
52
What are phosphatides
Any fat with a phosphate group + choline
53
Phosphonic acid
54
If "o" is positive, then
object is in front of mirror
obj is on the same side of light source (lens)
55
If "I" is positive, then
Image is in front of mirror
Image is on the opposite side of lens
56
If "r" or "f" is positive, then
Mirror is concave (converging)
Lens is convex (converging)
57
If m is positive, then
Image is upright for both lenses and mirror
58
A Mnemonic for lenses if "o" is positive
UV NO IR
Upright image => virtual
No image formed when image on focal point
Inverted => Real
59
unit for pressure
N/m^2
60
Conversions between Pa, mmHg, torr, atm
101 kPa = 760 torr/atm = 1 atm
61
Gauge pressure
Amount of pressure in closed space above and beyond atm pressure
P(gauge) = Po + p * g * h - P(atm)
62
Pascal's Principle
Change in pressure will be transmitted to every portion of the fluid and to the walls (hydrostatic)
63
ahesion
Attractive force to the other object
64
Viscosity
Resistance of fluid to flow
Pa * s = (N * s)/ m^2
65
Laminar + turbulent flow are governed by
Poiseuille's law
66
When the fluid exceeds critical speed, then
Turbulence arises
67
Critical speed formula
68
Bernoulli's Equation
Conservation of energy within a fluid (equal, but one part may increase to another to keep energy same)
69
1 V =
1 J / C
= U / q
70
Electric potential Energy
71
Potential difference
W (ab) / q
W (ab) => work needed to move charge
72
Electric field equation
E = (KQ)/r
73
Electric force equation
F (e) = (KQq)/r^2
74
Sublimation
Solid to gas
75
Effusion
Flow of gas from one compartment to the next thru opening
76
Graham's Law
77
Enthalpy of fusion
heat needed to transition between the solid-liquid boundary
78
Raoult's law
Accounts for vapor pressure depression as a result of solutes in solution
79
Nernst equation
80
Sliding brick physics
81
Is R/S configuration connected to polarization of light?
No, we would need more data to see if it's L/D (or turns the polarized light)
82
Difference between R/S and L/D
R/S is more specific (1 center)
L/D is to the entire molecule
83
acetoacetate
84
acetone
85
hydroquinone
86
Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol
87
Benzoquinone
88
ethyl acetate
89
pyrrole
90
Furan
91
Acetic acid
92
Formic acid
93
Formaldehyde
94
Isomerization
Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule
95
Carboxylation
Adding a CO2 group
96
Carbonyl group
Any group that contains a C=O
97
KE of ejected electron
KE = hf - work function
98
Sound Intensity equation (dB)
99
Shorter reaction times prefer
Kinetic control
100
gibbs and equilibrium constant eqn
101
Ligase
Acts like a "glue"; sticks things together
102
Lyase
Breaks bonds
103
Extensive conjugations allows for
Color
104
Micro-
10^(-6)
105
Mili-
10^(-3) m
106
Nano-
10^(-9) m
107
Angstrom
10^(-10) m
108
1 g/mL =
1000 kg/cm^3
109
Some things to note for all the big units (tera, giga, kilo, ....)
They are all 10^3 apart from each other!!! just know the order(Tera, Giga, Mega, Kilo)
110
Near-sightedness (myopia) is fixed via
Use diverging concave lens
111
Far-sightedness (hyperopia) is fixed via
Converging Convex lens
112
Normal Phase TLC separates via
Polarity.
Nonpolar mobile phases and Polar stationary phases ares used
113
Kinetic friction is always
Constant
114
An increase in the angle of inclination would
Decrease the perpendicular component + kinetic friction
115
The anode is where
Oxidation occurs (usually makes aq => s)
116
When the [con] > Ksp
It has exceeded the limit of solubility
117
Sigma bonds are
Considered to be more stable than pi bonds
118
Reducing agent
Gives up electrons + causes reduction to happen in another element
119
Entropy equation
q/T
120
Monochromatic light
Light w/ single-wavelength
121
grated-diffraction
Splits light into several beams that travel in different direction =>
122
single-slit diffraction
a coherent light forced thru a small opening => diffraction pattern (constructive/destructive)
123
In RP-HPLC,
Stationary is nonpolar, while mobile is polar (complete opposite of NP-HPLC)
124
Enzymes do have an effect on
Kinetic via lowering the Activation Energy.
However, they DO NOT have one on equilibrium constant
125
1 mol of gas takes up
22.4 L at STP
126
Electron pair geometry + VESPR
(1) Linear
(2) Trigonal Planar
Bent
(3) Tetrahedral
Trigonal pyrimidal, bent
(4) Trigonal bipyrimidal
Sawhorse, T-shaped, Linear
(5) Octahedral
Square pyrimidal, Square planar, T-shaped, Linear
127
NADH/FADH2/NADPH/FADPH2 are all
reducing agent
128
1 NADH leads to
2 mole of electrons being emitted
129
Cytosine looks like
130
Guanine looks like
131
Does pH increase stability of DNA
yes
132
How can we increase the pI?
add a basic residues (lysine)
133
NADH and NAD structure
134
FADH2 and FAD+ structure
135
Specific activity
How much is the activity of the protein isolated
u (activity) / mg
136
Total Activity
Activity of the total protein purified
TA = total protein (mg) x specific activity of the desired protein (u / mg)
This should go down with each purification
137
% yield for purification
[TA of purified protein/TA of impurified protein] * 100
How much the TA has changed
138
Mega
10^6
139
For a resistor in series, the
Current is constant, but the voltage drop is not.
However, the voltage drop does accumulate to equal to source voltage
140
For a resistor in parallel, the
Current differs because there are multiple channels in which it can flow
However, the voltage drop is constant for each resistor
141
Mechanical waves require a
Medium for travel. This is unlike a EM wave, which doesn't
142
Degree of unsaturation equation
DOU = C + 1 + N/2 - H/2 - X/2
X: Halogen
Ignore things that are not attached to Carbon chain
Each ring/pi-bond counts as 1
143
Lactam
144
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Equal sharing of electrons to both of the atoms (they need to be the same)
145
Alkanize
To make more basic
146
Phase changes are all
Horizontal on the phase change diagram; meaning the temperature does not shift at this location
147
On a cyclohexane molecule, a wedge means
Up
148
Density depends on the
Molecular weight of the molar mass of the solute
149
Equivalence points is where ?
In between the flat, buffering regions you dumb nut
150
NMR is affected by
electronegativity and Anisotropic effect
151
What is the anisotropic effect
Circulation of nearby pi electrons generates a magnetic field
152
If conjugated molecules are more stable, then the difference in the HOMO and LUMO is
Small
153
For UV-vis spectrum
Wavelengths not absorbed are reflected back to the viewer and become color of substance
154
Base peak is the
One with the highest relative abundance
155
For a reaction that dissociates into two ions cA and cB, the Ksp =
[A]^c * [B]^c
156
Power of a Voltage
P = IV = (V^2/R)
157
Work
Fdcos(theta)
or
P(deltaV)
158
1 pascal =
1 N / (m^2)
159
During the retro-adol reaction under (?) condition, we produce (?)
(1) base-catalyzed under heat
(2) ketone + aldehyde
160
For a nucleophile, a (?) would increase the its reactivity
Size
161
For multiple lenses placed in series, the magnification would increase via
Multiplying each of the individual magnification together
162
For gel electrophoresis, replacing an ionic compound with a molecular compound would
Interfere with the flow of electrons, leading to no migration of the added substrate
163
In gel electrophoresis, the negatively-charged DNA would migrate towards the
Anode (positively charged)
164
Faraday's Law of electrolysis
I = (mol H2 * z * F)/ t
z = electrons transferred
t = time
F = Faraday's constant (96,500 C)
165
Solubility tables provide
How soluble something is quantitatively.
Higher number => more soluble
166
Temperature dependence of Ksp
Whether the reaction is endothermic/exothermic
167
Definition of a focal point for a mirror
distance in front of a mirror at which reflected lights form image
168
Nucelophilic acyl substitution involves ...
A nucleophilic attack on an acyl carbon
169
Rigid hydrogen bonding form
Dimers => increase melting point
170
When Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Sulfur are attached to something else, we denote it via
Putting a N-, O-, or S-
171
Hypothetically, a sound that is 30 dB lower is
1,000 times less intense
172
For an ideal battery, the terminal voltage is equal to
the electromotive force (e)
173
In a real battery system, what is the equation?
V = e - IR
174
More methyl groups there are ...
the more non polar it is
175
To combine the lens strengths, you
Add them together
176
Coordination number is
the number of coordinate bonds
177
Amplitude of a wave is
Related to the energy of a wave
178
Coulomb's Law
179
Diverging lens is a
Concave Lens
produces Virtual + Upright image
180
spherical aberrations
Outer part of the lens do not bring light rays into the same focus
181
Dispersion
Separating light into colors
182
Formal charge equation
FC = (Group #) - NBE - (1/2) BE
183
Gabriel Synthesis is known as
malnoic ester synthesis
184
Doppler Shift equation
185
Superheating is when
Liquid is above its boiling point, but does not boil
186
For haworth projeciton, if the group is pointing up, then it is
on a wedge
187
For a Fischer projection, if groups are vertical, then
they are on a dash
188
Polarizability
Unequal distribution of electron density
189
Mechanical advantage
Forces amplified using mechanical device/system
190
Anions flow toward the
Anode, not the cathod
191
Power and Force equation
P = F * v
192
Increasing the string's tension would
Increase the frequency of the string
193
Capacitance equation
Q (charge) = C/V
194
A symmetric molecule does _____.
Not rotate plane-polarized light
195
Diverging Lens and Mirrors lead to
Small, Upright, and Virtual image
196
Diverging Lenses and Mirrors are
Concave + Convex, respectively
197
Beyond the focal point, an image is a _____ for Converging lens and mirrors
Inverted + Real
goes from Big to small as it goes beyond the radius of curvature
198
Converging Lens and Mirror is ___.
Convex and Concave, respectively.
199
Between the focal length and radius of curvature for converging lens and mirrors, then ____.
Big, Inverted, Real
200
Within the focal length for converging lens and mirrors
Big, Upright, Virtual
201
Optics
202
Log loop trick *who knows you might need it
203
Chemical shifts in NMR
204
The closer an atom is to an electronegative atom, the more ______ on the NMR spectrum
Deshielded
205
Watts * s =
Joule
P = E/t
206
If the pipe is narrower, then _____ (more/less) water must flow through it.
More to make up for the decrease in the surface area (continuity eqn)
207
pcc can only oxidize
primary/secondary alcohols to aldehydes/ketones only
208
Acetal (what does it look like??)
209
3300 stretch
(Triple bond): C - H
210
3100 stretch
(Double Bond): C - H
211
3000 stretch
C - H
212
C = O stretch
1810 - 1650
213
C = C (aromatic)
1600 - 1475 weak
214
C = O (amide)
1690 - 1650 strong
215
Slope of lineweaver-burk plot is
216
Cation-exchange sticks only
Positively charged things
217
Foce on a current-carrying wire
F(B) = ILBsin(theta)
218
Uniform Electric field equation
E = V/d
219
speed of sound
cannot travel thru vacuum
220
second harmonic is when
there's 2 antinodes
221
Gram equivalent weight
Molar mass / n
222
Equivalents
Mass / Gram equivalent weight
223
Molarity
Normality / n
224
Venturi Effect
Reduction in fluid pressure with increase in fluid speed as it flows through constricted area
225
Poiseuille's Law
Compares flow rate of non-ideal fluid with change in pressure, radius, viscosity, and length
226
If the passage mentions viscosity + non-ideal fluid, then it is mentioning
Poiseuille's Law
227
If the passage mentions cross-sectional area, then it is mentioning
The Continuity Equation
228
If the passage mentions manometers + fluid along streamline pipe, then it is mentioning
Bernoulli's Equatio
229
an ideal fluid is
incompressible + no resistance to flow (no viscosity)
230
Flow rate of blood
Pressure / Resistance
231
According to the Pouiselle's law, blood pressure is ____ in the capillaries
Lower.
Remember we are decreasing the radius (to the power of four btw), which would actually decrease it
232
Efficiency is
Output Power / Input power
Energy(out) / Energy (In)
Note: do not mistake for Mechanical advatnage (force)
