Bio/biochem total

Question 1

Active transport

Answer 1

Requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient

Question 2

Primary vs Secondary Active Transport

Answer 2

Primary: uses chemical energy source (ATP) to move solutes
Secondary: uses an electrochemical gradient of a diff molecules to move solutes

Question 3

Allosteric regulation

Answer 3

When something (activator/inhibitor) binds to enzyme , induces conf change , and changes how it interacts w substrate

Question 4

Citric Acid Cycle products per 1 glucose (2 acetyl-CoA)

Answer 4

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP

Question 5

Citric acid cycle location

Answer 5

Mitochondrial matric

Question 6

Citric acid cycle main purpose

Answer 6

Final steps in carbohydrates, AA and fatty acids catabolism … generates reduced NADH and FADH2 which are required for ETC and ATP synthesis

Question 7

Citric acid cycle steps

Answer 7

Pyruvate (from glycolysis) -> acetyl-CoA -> citrate -> isocitrate -> alpha-ketoglutarate -> succinyl-CoA -> succinate -> fumigate -> malate -> oxaloacetate -> citrate and around

Question 8

Diffusion

Answer 8

Movement of solute from high -> low conc

Question 9

Distal tubule

Answer 9

Selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

Question 10

ETC location

Answer 10

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 11

ETC products per 1 glucose

Answer 11

30-32 ATP

Question 12

Complex I (___ -CoQ oxidoreductase)

Answer 12

NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase
e- from NADH –> ubiquinone –> ubiquinol ; 4 protons pumped

Question 13

Complex II: ___ - CoQ oxidoreductase

Answer 13

Succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase
e- from succinate –> FAD –> ubiquinone –> ubiquinol ; 0 protons pumped

Question 14

Complex III (___ - cytochrome c oxidoreductase)

Answer 14

CoQH2 - cytochrome c oxidoreductase
e- from ubiquinol (CoQH2) –> heme, forming cytochrome C ; 4 protons pumped

Question 15

Complex IV (___ oxidase)

Answer 15

Cytochrome c oxidase ;
Uses cytochromes and Cu2+ to transfer e- from cytochrome c –> O2, forming H2O

Question 16

Which amino acids can be phosphorylated?

Answer 16

Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (The, T) Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Histidine (His, H

Question 17

Resting state of action potential

Answer 17

-70mV, lots of Na out, lots of K in, ion channels closed

Question 18

Depolarization

Answer 18

Sodium channels open, Na+ rushes in, membrane potential shoots up to +30mV, lots of Na AND K inside

Question 19

Repolarization

Answer 19

K+ channels open, sodium channels close, K+ rushes out, membrane potential drops back down; lots of Na in, lots of K out

Question 20

Hyperpolarization

Answer 20

K+ channels dont close fast enough, so membrane potential drops below resting potential

Question 21

Anterior pituitary is regulated by ____ and gives ___ signals

Answer 21

Hypothalamic-hypophseal portal system
Gives hormonal signals

Question 22

Posterior pituitary is a collection of _____ from the hypothalamus and gives ___ signals

Answer 22

Neuronal axons
Gives neuronal signals

Question 23

Tropic hormones

Answer 23

Regulate other endocrine glands to stimulate release of other hormones

Question 24

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates ___ pituitary secretion of ___ and ___

Answer 24

Stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 25

Leutinizing hormone stimulates ___ in females and ___ in males

Answer 25

Estrogen production in females and testosterone in males

Question 26

Follicle stimulating hormone promotes ___ in females and ___ in males

Answer 26

Ovarian follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males

Question 27

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates ___ pituitary secretion of ___ hormone affecting the ___ gland

Answer 27

Stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone affecting the thyroid gland

Question 28

Thyroid produces triiodothyronine (__) and thyroxine (__) controlling ___ and ___

Answer 28

T3 and T4, controlling metabolic rate and thermogenesis

Question 29

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates ___ pituitary secretion of ___ hormone influencing the ___

Answer 29

Stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) influencing the adrenal cortex

Question 30

ACTH results in ___ production, involved in ___ response

Answer 30

Glucocorticoid production, involved in stress response

Question 31

What are the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 31

GnRH, TRH, CRH

Question 32

What are the direct hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 32

GH, prolactin, endorphins

Question 33

Growth hormone is secreted in response to ___, essential for ___ and ___ functions

Answer 33

GH is secreted in response to growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), essential for growth and metabolic functions

Question 34

___ is involved in milk production and mammary gland development

Answer 34

Prolactin

Question 35

Endorphins reduce ___

Answer 35

Pain perception

Question 36

Hormones of posterior pituitary

Answer 36

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 37

___ facilitates lactation, childbirth, and social bonding

Answer 37

Oxytocin

Question 38

ADH/Vasopressin controls ___, ____, ____ and ____. Inhibits ___

Answer 38

osmotic balance, blood pressure, sodium homeostasis and kidney function Inhibits loss of fluid

Question 39

Calcitonin is secreted by ___ and ___ blood calcium levels

Answer 39

Secreted by thyroid gland and decreases blood calcium levels

Question 40

This hormone increases blood calcium levels

Answer 40

Parathyroid hormone

Question 41

Adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 41

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, adrenal androgens

Question 42

Glucocorticoids (ex: ___) increase ___ and reduce ___

Answer 42

Ex: cortisol Increase blood glucose Reduce inflammation

Question 43

Mineralcorticoids (ex:___) regulate ___ and ___ balance, influence ___

Answer 43

Ex: aldosterone Regulate sodium and potassium balance, influence blood pressure

Question 44

Adrenal androgens: contribute to ___ changes, ___ hormone production

Answer 44

Puberty changes, sex hormone production

Question 45

How does aldosterone affect blood pressure?

Answer 45

Causes Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion

Question 46

Adrenal medulla secretes ___

Answer 46

Catecholamines

Question 47

What are the catecholamines? what do they do?

Answer 47

Epinephrine and norepinephrine; fight or flight response

Question 48

Pineal gland produces ___, regulating ___

Answer 48

Melatonin, circadian rhythms

Question 49

Heart produces ___, inhibiting ___ reabsorption and reducing ___

Answer 49

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), inhibiting sodium reabsorption and reducing blood pressure

Question 50

Thymus secretes ___, promoting ___ response

Answer 50

Thymosin, promoting T-cell immune response

Question 51

Kidneys produce ___, stimulating ___ production under ___ conditions

Answer 51

Erythropoietin (EPO), stimulating RBC production under low oxygen conditions

Question 52

Astrocytes

Answer 52

Control chemical environment within CNS by contributing to BBB

Question 53

Centriole

Answer 53

Small organelle that organizes spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis

Question 54

Centromere

Answer 54

Area of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined ... also point of attachment for spindle fiber

Question 55

Centrosome

Answer 55

Paired organelles (2 centrioles) that serve as primary microtubule organizing center

Question 56

Collecting duct

Answer 56

Collects urine and moves it into renal pelvis and ureters; final reabsorbtion of solutes and water

Question 57

Two parts of the nephron Renal ___ (initial ___ within ___) Renal tubule (___ processing extending into ___)

Answer 57

Renal corpuscle (initial filtration within cortex) and renal tubule (filtrate processing extending into medulla)

Question 58

Urine flow starts at medullary ___ ->

Answer 58

Medullary pyramids -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis

Question 59

Renal corpuscle 2 components

Answer 59

Glomerulus (capillary network) and the Bowmans capsule

Question 60

___ pressure promotes movement of ___ and small particles from blood into ___ capsule

Answer 60

Hydrostatic pressure Movement of water From blood into Bowmans capsule

Question 61

Filtrate contains ___, ___, ___, but not ___ or blood cells in healthy individuals

Answer 61

Salts, glucose, amino acids Not proteins

Question 62

Renal tubule divided into 3 parts

Answer 62

Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule

Question 63

Renal tubule performs ___, ___, and ___ of filtrate

Answer 63

Reabsorption, secretion, and concentration

Question 64

Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs ___, ___, soluble ___ and ___ ions

Answer 64

Glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins and sodium ions

Question 65

Proximal convoluted tubule secretes waste like __+ , __+, ___ and drugs

Answer 65

H+, K+, urea

Question 66

Descending loop of Henle is permeable to ___, not ___

Answer 66

water, not ions

Question 67

In the thin ascending limb (___ portion) there is ___ transport of ions into blood because it is ___ concentrated

Answer 67

Bottom portion There is passive transport because it is more concentrated

Question 67

Ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ___, not ___

Answer 67

ions, not water

Question 68

In the thick ascending limb (___ portion) there is ___ transport of ions into blood because it is ___ concentrated

Answer 68

Upper portion There is active transport because it is less concentrated

Question 69

What is the function of the Loop of Henle

Answer 69

Establish a concentration gradient in the renal medulla

Question 70

Distal convoluted tubule involved in ___, ___, and ___ reabsorption

Answer 70

Calcium, chloride and sodium

Question 71

Distal convoluted tubule involved in ___ secretion for __ regulation

Answer 71

Potassium secretion for pH regulation