Bio - Chapter 1

Question 1

Biological diversity

Answer 1

The number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth

Question 2

What are the 3 types of biological diversity?

Answer 2

1. Species diversity
2. Structural diversity
3. Genetic diversity

Question 3

Species diversity

Answer 3

Variety of different species where the quantity of each species contributes to overall diversity

Question 4

Structural diversity

Answer 4

Variation in the types of ecosystems and habitats

Question 5

What are 3 things structural diversity is based on?

Answer 5

1. Size
2. Shape
3. Distribution

Question 6

Genetic diversity

Answer 6

The genetic variability among organisms

- usually referring to individuals of the same species

Question 7

What happens to change when there is more biodiversity?

Answer 7

There is more resistant to change

Question 8

What does more feeding relationships ensure?

Answer 8

Consistent food supplies

Question 9

What happens when more niches are filled?

Answer 9

There is more nutrient cycling

Question 10

What are 3 examples of maintenance of ecosystem services?

Answer 10

1. Water filtration
2. Oxygen production
3. Pollination

Question 11

What are 5 threats to biodiversity?

Answer 11

1. Habitat loss
2. Climate change
3. Over exploitation
4. Invasive species
5. Pollution

Question 12

Biological species concept

Answer 12

All organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions and producing fertile offspring

Question 13

What is a disadvantage to the biological species concept?

Answer 13

Some plants under go hybridization

Question 14

Hybridization

Answer 14

The cross breeding of 2 different species, some organisms only reproduce asexually, of species are geographically separate they cannot mate

Question 15

What can hybridization eventually lead to?

Answer 15

Extinction

Question 16

Morphological species concept

Answer 16

Species based on morphology physical appearance and characteristics

Question 17

What is a disadvanatage to morphological species concept?

Answer 17

Significant variation can exist within a species

Question 18

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 18

Based on an organisms evolutionary relatedness between and among species

Question 19

What is a disadvantage to phylogenetic species concept? (2) And whats the end result?

Answer 19

1. Evolutionary histories are not known for all species
2. Species can change over time and space (as they evolve)
3. Can result in the formation of a new species

Question 20

Taxonomy

Answer 20

The science of classifying all organisms (living and fossil)

Question 21

What are 3 challenges with taxonomy?

Answer 21

1. Different species can have very similar morphologies
2. Individuals of the same species can change during different phases of their life cycle
3. Variation occurs between males and females (sexual dimorphism)

Question 22

Dichotomous key

Answer 22

Identification that sues a series of paired comparisons to sort organisms into smaller and smaller groups based on various characteristics until the organism is defined

Question 23

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 23

Father of traditional taxonomy who based his groupings on similarities among organisms themselves as opposed to where they might live

Question 24

Who was the first to practice taxonomy?

Answer 24

Carl Linnaeus

Question 25

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 25

The formal system of naming species whereby each species is assigned a genus name formal by a specific species name

Question 26

Genus

Answer 26

A taxonomic level consisting of a group of species that share similar characteristics

Question 27

Morphology

Answer 27

The science of classifying organisms based on physical appearance and characteristics

Question 28

What is an advantage to morphology? (2)

Answer 28

1. Simple | 2. Convenient to group based on appearance and characteristics

Question 29

What are disadvantages to morphology?

Answer 29

1. More subjective | 2. May overlook genetic relatedness

Question 30

Evolution

Answer 30

The scientific theory that describes changes in species over time and their shared ability

Question 31

Phylogeny

Answer 31

The study of evolutionary relatedness between and among species

Question 32

What are 4 forms of evidence that can be used to determine evolutionary relatedness?

Answer 32

1. Anatomical characteristics - homologous structures 2. Developmental comparisons - stages of embryonic development 3. Biochemistry - comparing proteins in organisms 4. DNA comparison - type of biochemistry

Question 33

Homologous structures

Answer 33

Biological features that have a common evolutionary origin

Question 34

What are 2 advantages to the evidence used to determine evolutionary relatedness?

Answer 34

1. Not limited to a set number of taxonomic ranks | 2. Its accurate because DNA is not influences by the environment

Question 35

What are 4 disadvantages to the evidence used to determine evolutionary relatedness?

Answer 35

1. May require fossil analysis 2. In many cases the DNA of extinct species is not available 3. Expensive 4. Could take a long time

Question 36

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 36

A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups

Question 37

Clade

Answer 37

A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 38

Cladogram

Answer 38

Similar to a phylogenetic tree in that is shows evolutionary relatedness, but are more commonly hypotheses of evolution relatedness based on characteristics

Question 39

What are the 7 hierarchy of groups?

Answer 39

1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species

Question 40

Who added the domain group? What year was it added?

Answer 40

1. Carl Woese | 2. 1996

Question 41

What are 3 examples of the domain groups?

Answer 41

1. Eubacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya

Question 42

What are 4 examples of kingdom groups?

Answer 42

1. Protista 2. Fungi 3. Plantae 4. Animalia