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Bio1000 > Bio Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Clones

A

Genetic copy of an organism.

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2
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacteria.

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3
Q

DNA sequence

A

Order of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA; the genetic code that varies between species and individuals.

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

A structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins; Carrie’s part of a cells genetic information.

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5
Q

Histones

A

Type of protein that associates with DNA and structurally organizes eukaryotic chromosomes; DNA is wrapped around special protein molecules called histones.

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6
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Unit of chromosomal organization; a length of DNA wound twice around histone proteins; The combined loop of DNA and histones is called a nucleosome.

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7
Q

Centromere

A

Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other.

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8
Q

Sister chromatids

A

The two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, attached at the centromere.

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9
Q

Chromosome number

A

The total number of chromosomes in a cell of a given species; the total number of chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell.

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10
Q

Diploid

A

Having 2 of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.

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11
Q

Karyotype

A

Image of a cells chromosomes arranged in size, length, shape, and centromere location. This can also reveal major structural abnormalities.

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12
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosome of a pair that is the same in males and females; a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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13
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosome involved in determining anatomical sex; member of a chromosome that differs between males and females.

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14
Q

DNA replication

A

Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA; energy-intensive process by which a cell copies its DNA.

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15
Q

Primer

A

Short, single strand of DNA or RNA that base-pairs with a specific DNA sequence and serves as an attachment point for DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase require primers. Primers are required in order to initiate DNA synthesis.

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16
Q

Hybridization

A

Spontaneous establishment of base-pairing between 2 nucleic acid strands.

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17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Attach a free nucleotide ONLY to the 3’ end of a parental/original DNA strand;Enzyme that carries out DNA replication. Uses a DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.
Can also proof read DNA sequences during DNA replication and repair damaged DNA.
Requires a primer.

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18
Q

DNA ligase

A

Enzyme that seals gaps or breaks in double-stranded DNA.

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19
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

Describes the process of DNA replication in which one strand of each copy of a DNA molecule is new, and the other is a strand of the original.

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20
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome.

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21
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

Reproductive cloning method in which the DNA of a donors boy cell is transferred into an enucleated egg; moving a cell nucleus and its genetic material from one cell to another.

22
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

Laboratory procedure that produces an exact copy [clone] of an individual; laboratory procedure that produces animal clones from a single cell.

23
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which cells become specialized during development as they begin to use different subsets of their DNA.

24
Q

Subsets

A

A set each of whose elements is an element of an inclusive set.

25
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine; their bases have double carbon rings.

26
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine and cytosine; their bases have single carbon rings.

27
Q

Chargaffs rule

A

Adenine=Thymine
Guanine=Cytosine
They equal the same and they ONLY pair with each other.

28
Q

The portions of …… and……. Differ among species

A

Adenine and guanine

29
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Phosphate group links with two sugars.

30
Q

What is the backbone of DNA made out of?

A

Phosphates and sugars.

31
Q

What kind of structure does DNA have?

A

Alpha helix/ double helix

32
Q

How many chromosomes does the human body have?

A

46

33
Q

In a…… organism, one chromosome in a chromosome pair is is inherited from the mother and one from the father.

A

Diploid.

34
Q

What kind of sex chromosome do females have?

A

XX

35
Q

What kind of sex chromosome do males have?

A

XY

36
Q

Base pairs form on the ….. of the helix, held together by ……… bonds

A

Inside, hydrogen.

37
Q

A cell copies its DNA before it…….?

A

Reproduces.

38
Q

DNA replication requires many…..?

A

Enzymes

39
Q

What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase
Topoisomerase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase

40
Q

DNA polymerase requires a…….?

A

Primer in order to initiate DNA synthesis.

41
Q

What does the enzyme primase do?

A

It produces primers.

42
Q

DNA polymerases attach a free nucleotide only to the ……. End of a parental/original DNA strand.

A

3’

43
Q

Leading strand

A

The continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5’—>3’ direction.

44
Q

Lagging strand

A

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’—>3’ direction away from the replication fork.

45
Q

Ionizing radiation [type of mutation]

A

Knocks electrons out of atoms
Breaks chromosomes into pieces that get lost during DNA replication
Creates free radicals

46
Q

UV light [320-400nm] [type of mutation]

A

Forms pyrimidine dimmers that kink the DNA strand
Causes skin cancer

47
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Uses SCNT to produce human embryos for research purposes.

48
Q

Replication fork

A

The region of DNA where the replication process is currently taking place. It’s structure is similar to that of a fork “Y”.

49
Q

Genetic code has how many codons?

A

64

50
Q

Polysome

A

A cluster of ribosomes held together by a strand of mRNA that each ribosome is translating

51
Q

GTP

A

Translation is very energy intensive. Most of that energy is provided in the form of phosphate group transfers from RNA nucleotide GTP to molecules that help the ribosome move from one codon to the next.

52
Q

Energy that drives translation is provided mainly by?

A

GTP

Bio1000 (8 decks)

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