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Bio1000 > Chaper 7 > Flashcards

Chaper 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? Is any oxygen required?

A

Cytoplasm, no.

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2
Q

Name for “how” ATP is generated in glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation [no oxygen involved]

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3
Q

What is the initial substrate for glycolysis? How many carbons?

A

Glucose, 6 carbons [hexos].

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4
Q

How much ATP needs to be invested in order to start glycolysis?

A

2 ATP.

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5
Q

Phase 1 for glycolysis is called?

A

Energy investment [we invest 2 ATP to start glycolysis].

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6
Q

Phase 2 for glycolysis is called?

A

Cleavage, this is because we are splitting 6 Carbons into 2 pyruvate [each pyruvate has 3 carbons].

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7
Q

Phase 3 in glycolysis is called?

A

Energy liberation.

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8
Q

What happens in phase 3 of glycolysis specifically?

A

2 NADH and 4 ATP are formed. [2 ATP are used to start glycolysis, so in reality we only gained 2 ATP].

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9
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis and the amounts?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP.

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10
Q

In order to enter the Kreb cycle from glycolysis, we need to?

A

Convert the 2 pyruvate into 2 acetyl-CoA.

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11
Q

We need to invest ……. In the process of converting the 2 pyruvate into……

A

2 NAD, 2 Acteyl-CoA.

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12
Q

What ends up coming out after converting the 2 pyruvate into Acteyl-CoA?

A

2 NADH
2 CO2

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13
Q

Where does the Kreb cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria [mitochondrial matrix].

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14
Q

Gas and the amount that comes out after “total spins” of the Kreb cycle?

A

4 CO2.

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15
Q

How many spins happens during the Kreb cycle?

A
  1. 1 spin for each pyruvate. Since there are 2 pyruvate, there will be 2 spins.
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16
Q

What are the energy intermediates and amounts, that come out after “total spins” of the kreb cycle?

A

6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP
[4 CO2 came out as well, but is not an energy intermediate].

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17
Q

What fuels the Electron Transport Chain?

A

The energy intermediates that came out of the kreb cycle.
6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP

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18
Q

Where are the hydrogen ions concentrated in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Intermembrane space of Mitochondria.

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19
Q

Which side of the mitochondria do NADH and FADH drop off protons and electrons?

A

Mitochondrial matrix.

20
Q

What is the final/terminal electron acceptor during the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Oxygen.

21
Q

Name for “how” ATP is generated in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation.

22
Q

How much ATP will be produced in the Electron Transport chain?

A

30-34 ATP.

23
Q

What is the name of the enzyme in the Electron Transport Chain that converts ADP—> ATP?

A

ATP synthase.

24
Q

How does glucose enter the cell?

A

Facilitated diffusion.

25
Q

Membrane transport

A

The collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes, such as ions and small molecules.

26
Q

Aerobic respiration uses…….. and releases……….

A

Oxygen, CO2.

27
Q

What has the same function as a lysosome?

A

Exocytosis.

28
Q

Glucose needs a ……… because it is too big to pass through a cell.

A

Transport protein.

29
Q

What are the 2 major steps during the Electron Transport Chain?

A

1) Electron Transport Chain
2) Oxidative phosphorylation [chemiosmosis].

30
Q

The Electron Transport Chain creates a powerful …….. gradient that has lots of ……..

A

H+, potential energy.

31
Q

The spent electrons bond with H+ and oxygen to form molecules of……..

A

Water.

32
Q

Diffusion

A

Spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas. Unassisted, across the lipid bilayer. High—> Low.

33
Q

…… is involved with passive transport?

A

Diffusion.

34
Q

What are the 5 factors that influence diffusion?

A

Concentration
Temperature
Charge
Molecular size
Pressure

35
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Pathway that breaks down an organic molecule to form ATP and includes an electron transfer Chain.

36
Q

Aerobic

A

Involving or occuring in the presence of oxygen.

37
Q

How do cells harvest energy from a molecule?

A

By breaking its carbon backbone, one bond at a time.

38
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

“Breathing air” oxygen-requiring cellular respiration; breaks down glucose and produces ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

39
Q

What are the four steps for aerobic respiration

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Acetyl-CoA formation
3) Kreb cycle
4) Electron transfer chain

40
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic [no oxygen]. Glucose breakdown pathway that produces ATP without the use of an electron transfer chain.

41
Q

How is fermentation SIMILAR to aerobic respiration?

A

They both begin with glycolysis.

42
Q

How is fermentation DIFFERENT from aerobic respiration?

A

Fermentation does NOT include an electron transfer phosphorylation and it does not produce many ATP. It only produces 2 ATP, in the glycolysis stage.

43
Q

Glycolysis

A

Set of reactions that convert glucose to 2 pyruvate. First stage of aerobic respiration and fermentation.

44
Q

Krebs cycle [citric acid cycle]

A

Cyclic pathway that reduces many coenzymes by breaking down acetyl-CoA; part of aerobic respiration.

45
Q

What happens after glycolysis in fermentation?

A

The reactions after glycolysis simply serve to remove electron and hydrogen ions from NADH, so NAD forms. Regenerating this coenzyme allows glycolysis—and the ATP yield it offers, to continue.

46
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvate is split into acetaldehyde and CO2, acetaldehyde receives electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH, forming NAD AND ETHANOL.

47
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

Pyruvate receives electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH, forming NAD and LACTATE. No CO2 is produced.

Bio1000 (8 decks)

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