Chaper 7

Question 1

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? Is any oxygen required?

Answer 1

Cytoplasm, no.

Question 2

Name for “how” ATP is generated in glycolysis?

Answer 2

Substrate-level phosphorylation [no oxygen involved]

Question 3

What is the initial substrate for glycolysis? How many carbons?

Answer 3

Glucose, 6 carbons [hexos].

Question 4

How much ATP needs to be invested in order to start glycolysis?

Answer 4

2 ATP.

Question 5

Phase 1 for glycolysis is called?

Answer 5

Energy investment [we invest 2 ATP to start glycolysis].

Question 6

Phase 2 for glycolysis is called?

Answer 6

Cleavage, this is because we are splitting 6 Carbons into 2 pyruvate [each pyruvate has 3 carbons].

Question 7

Phase 3 in glycolysis is called?

Answer 7

Energy liberation.

Question 8

What happens in phase 3 of glycolysis specifically?

Answer 8

2 NADH and 4 ATP are formed. [2 ATP are used to start glycolysis, so in reality we only gained 2 ATP].

Question 9

What is the final product of glycolysis and the amounts?

Answer 9

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP.

Question 10

In order to enter the Kreb cycle from glycolysis, we need to?

Answer 10

Convert the 2 pyruvate into 2 acetyl-CoA.

Question 11

We need to invest ……. In the process of converting the 2 pyruvate into……

Answer 11

2 NAD, 2 Acteyl-CoA.

Question 12

What ends up coming out after converting the 2 pyruvate into Acteyl-CoA?

Answer 12

2 NADH
2 CO2

Question 13

Where does the Kreb cycle occur?

Answer 13

Mitochondria [mitochondrial matrix].

Question 14

Gas and the amount that comes out after “total spins” of the Kreb cycle?

Answer 14

4 CO2.

Question 15

How many spins happens during the Kreb cycle?

Answer 15

2. 1 spin for each pyruvate. Since there are 2 pyruvate, there will be 2 spins.

Question 16

What are the energy intermediates and amounts, that come out after “total spins” of the kreb cycle?

Answer 16

6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP
[4 CO2 came out as well, but is not an energy intermediate].

Question 17

What fuels the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 17

The energy intermediates that came out of the kreb cycle.
6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP

Question 18

Where are the hydrogen ions concentrated in the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 18

Intermembrane space of Mitochondria.

Question 19

Which side of the mitochondria do NADH and FADH drop off protons and electrons?

Answer 19

Mitochondrial matrix.

Question 20

What is the final/terminal electron acceptor during the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 20

Oxygen.

Question 21

Name for “how” ATP is generated in the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 21

Oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 22

How much ATP will be produced in the Electron Transport chain?

Answer 22

30-34 ATP.

Question 23

What is the name of the enzyme in the Electron Transport Chain that converts ADP—> ATP?

Answer 23

ATP synthase.

Question 24

How does glucose enter the cell?

Answer 24

Facilitated diffusion.

Question 25

Membrane transport

Answer 25

The collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes, such as ions and small molecules.

Question 26

Aerobic respiration uses…….. and releases……….

Answer 26

Oxygen, CO2.

Question 27

What has the same function as a lysosome?

Answer 27

Exocytosis.

Question 28

Glucose needs a ……… because it is too big to pass through a cell.

Answer 28

Transport protein.

Question 29

What are the 2 major steps during the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 29

1) Electron Transport Chain 2) Oxidative phosphorylation [chemiosmosis].

Question 30

The Electron Transport Chain creates a powerful …….. gradient that has lots of ……..

Answer 30

H+, potential energy.

Question 31

The spent electrons bond with H+ and oxygen to form molecules of……..

Answer 31

Water.

Question 32

Diffusion

Answer 32

Spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas. Unassisted, across the lipid bilayer. High—> Low.

Question 33

…… is involved with passive transport?

Answer 33

Diffusion.

Question 34

What are the 5 factors that influence diffusion?

Answer 34

Concentration Temperature Charge Molecular size Pressure

Question 35

Cellular respiration

Answer 35

Pathway that breaks down an organic molecule to form ATP and includes an electron transfer Chain.

Question 36

Aerobic

Answer 36

Involving or occuring in the presence of oxygen.

Question 37

How do cells harvest energy from a molecule?

Answer 37

By breaking its carbon backbone, one bond at a time.

Question 38

Aerobic respiration

Answer 38

“Breathing air” oxygen-requiring cellular respiration; breaks down glucose and produces ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

Question 39

What are the four steps for aerobic respiration

Answer 39

1) Glycolysis 2) Acetyl-CoA formation 3) Kreb cycle 4) Electron transfer chain

Question 40

Fermentation

Answer 40

Anaerobic [no oxygen]. Glucose breakdown pathway that produces ATP without the use of an electron transfer chain.

Question 41

How is fermentation SIMILAR to aerobic respiration?

Answer 41

They both begin with glycolysis.

Question 42

How is fermentation DIFFERENT from aerobic respiration?

Answer 42

Fermentation does NOT include an electron transfer phosphorylation and it does not produce many ATP. It only produces 2 ATP, in the glycolysis stage.

Question 43

Glycolysis

Answer 43

Set of reactions that convert glucose to 2 pyruvate. First stage of aerobic respiration and fermentation.

Question 44

Krebs cycle [citric acid cycle]

Answer 44

Cyclic pathway that reduces many coenzymes by breaking down acetyl-CoA; part of aerobic respiration.

Question 45

What happens after glycolysis in fermentation?

Answer 45

The reactions after glycolysis simply serve to remove electron and hydrogen ions from NADH, so NAD forms. Regenerating this coenzyme allows glycolysis—and the ATP yield it offers, to continue.

Question 46

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 46

Pyruvate is split into acetaldehyde and CO2, acetaldehyde receives electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH, forming NAD AND ETHANOL.

Question 47

Lactate fermentation

Answer 47

Pyruvate receives electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH, forming NAD and LACTATE. No CO2 is produced.