Bio (drugs)

Question 1

What are neurotransmitters made of?

Answer 1

enzymes acting on precursor molecules

Question 2

during the step of packaging, where are NTs stored?

Answer 2

vesicules

Question 3

If NTs leak while they are stored, what happens?

Answer 3

enzymes break them down

Question 4

what causes vesicules to fuse with presynaptic membrane?

Answer 4

action potential

Question 5

What ion causes the release of the neurotransmitter?

Answer 5

calcium ions

Question 6

6 steps of neurotransmitter release

Answer 6

1) Synthesis
2) Packaging
3) Fusing to the membrane
4) Release
5) Stopping release
6) Deactivation

Question 7

Criteria to be a neurotransmitter

Answer 7

• found/produced in terminals
• released upon stimulation of presynaptic neuron
• acts on a post synaptic receptor
• produces biological effect
• can be inactivated

Question 8

Name the 4 types of small molecule neurotransmitter

Answer 8

• amino acids
• monoamines
• acetylcholine
• unconventional neurotransmitters

Question 9

Name the 4 types of amino acids

Answer 9

• GABA
• Glutamate
• Asparate
• Glycine

Question 10

4 properties of amino acids

Answer 10

• fast acting
• direct
• bind through ion channels

Question 11

Function of glutamate

Answer 11

allows sodium in the cell

Question 12

Is glutamate inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 12

excitatory

Question 13

Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 13

inhibitory

Question 14

What ions does GABA control and why?

Answer 14

• negative chloride ions

- because it is inhibitory

Question 15

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Answer 15

GABA

Question 16

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter?

Answer 16

glutamate

Question 17

Which type of amino acid causes hyperpolarization?

Answer 17

GABA

Question 18

What are monoamines synthesised from?

Answer 18

a single (mono)
amino acid (amine)

Question 19

Why are monoamines slower and indirect?

Answer 19

bind to metabotropic receptors

therefore have diffuse effects

Question 20

What are the two types of monoamines?

Answer 20

• catecholamines

- indolamines

Question 21

What are catecholamines synthesized from?

Answer 21

tyrosine

Question 22

What allows dopamine to have diverse effects on behavior?

Answer 22

• it is a monoamine
• therefore it binds to a metabotropic receptor
• therefore it has indirect effects

Question 23

Cause of Parkinsons Disease

Answer 23

loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra area

Question 24

Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 24

• L-DOPA

- precursor for dopamine

Question 25

Cause of Schizophrenia

Answer 25

-excess of dopamine

Question 26

3 types of catecholamines

Answer 26

- epinephrine - dopamine - norepinphrine

Question 27

which subcategory and overall category does serotonin belong to?

Answer 27

- indolamines | - in the monoamine category

Question 28

What is serotonin synthesized from?

Answer 28

tryptophan

Question 29

Why does serotonin have diverse effects on behavior?

Answer 29

-binds to metabotropic receptors

Question 30

What does an insufficiency of serotonin cause?

Answer 30

depression

Question 31

How does fluoxetine (prosac) work?

Answer 31

-blocks reuptake of serotonin

Question 32

What was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered?

Answer 32

-acetylcholine

Question 33

What is acetylcholine's role in the PNS?

Answer 33

neuromuscular junction

Question 34

What is acetylcholine's role in the CNS?

Answer 34

- learning - memory - attention

Question 35

What enzyme deactivates acetylcholine?

Answer 35

aChE (acetylcholinesterase)

Question 36

How is Alzheimer's treated?

Answer 36

- drugs inhibiting acetylcholinesterase | - therefore less acetylcholine is deactivated

Question 37

Where are unconventional neurotransmitters made?

Answer 37

cytoplasm

Question 38

What do unconventional neurotransmitters do instead of binding onto receptors like conventional neurotransmitters?

Answer 38

diffuse out of membrane and into surrounding cells

Question 39

True or false: unconventional neurotransmitters bind to receptors

Answer 39

- false | - they diffuse into cells

Question 40

Name the 2 unconventional neurotransmitters in the category of 'soluble gases"

Answer 40

- nitric oxide | - carbon monoxide

Question 41

What is nitric oxide known as and why

Answer 41

- retrograde messenger - diffuses from POSTsynaptic membrane - into PREsynaptic membrane - causes presynaptic cell to alter release of glutamate

Question 42

What is analgesiea?

Answer 42

suppression of pain

Question 43

What is the large molecule neurotransmitter?

Answer 43

neuropeptides

Question 44

What are neuropeptides made up of?

Answer 44

large chains of amino acids

Question 45

What are opioid peptides used for?

Answer 45

-suppression of pain

Question 46

What are endorphines an example of?

Answer 46

-opioid peptides

Question 47

What is an agonist?

Answer 47

drug that binds to receptor and increases activity of that receptor

Question 48

What is an antagonist?

Answer 48

drug that binds to receptor and decreases the activity of that receptor

Question 49

give two examples of benzodiazepines and what they're used for

Answer 49

- prozac - valium - used to treat anxiety

Question 50

Benzodiazepines are agonists of which amino acid?

Answer 50

GABA

Question 51

What is atropine used for?

Answer 51

-used to treat slow heart rate

Question 52

is atropine an agonist or an antagonist?

Answer 52

antagonist of ACh

Question 53

Is cocaine a stimulant or depressant?

Answer 53

stimulant