Bio Exam Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What is biopsych?
A
Study of how bio processes influence behvavior, emotion, thoughts
2
Q
What is pychopharmocology?
A
How drugs affect behavior
3
Q
What is neuropsychology?
A
How behavior is affected by brain damage
4
Q
What is psychophysiology?
A
-uses physiological methods to study psychological processes in humans
5
Q
Name 2 methods used in psychophysiology?
A
- eeg
- studying eye movements in schizophrenics
6
Q
3 advantages of using humans in experiments
A
- follow directions
- report subjective experience
- more relevant cuz using a human brain, so it relates directly to humans
7
Q
3 advantages of using non humans in experiments
A
- simpler nervous systems
- fewer ethical constraints
- can manipulate brain activity
8
Q
What are the two main methods of studying biopsychology experimentally?
A
- measure brain activity
- manipulate brain activity
9
Q
Weight of a human brain
A
1.3 kg (1 pound)
10
Q
How many neurons does a human brain contain?
A
86 billion
11
Q
What percentage of the body’s energy does the brain consume?
A
20-25 %
12
Q
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
A
- CNS
- PNS
13
Q
What two sections is the peripheral nervous system broken into?
A
- somatic
- autonomic
14
Q
What is the CNS made up of?
A
- brain
- spinal chord
15
Q
True or false: the somatic and autonomic sections of the PNS both contain afferent and efferent neurons
A
true
16
Q
What is the cerebral cortex?
A
outer surface of brain
17
Q
What gives the cerebral cortex its huge surface area?
A
its many folds
18
Q
What are the subcortical areas?
A
the areas below the cortex
19
Q
Name 5 subcortical areas
A
- basal ganglia
- hypothalamus
- cerebellum
- brainstem
- thalamus
20
Q
What are neurons?
A
- specialized cells
- that transmit info
- through an electrochemical process
21
Q
Function of dendrites
A
- input
- receive info from other neurons
22
Q
Function of axon
A
- output
- carries info away from cell body
23
Q
Function of cell body
A
-stores DNA
24
Q
Another name for cell body
A
soma
25
3 types of neuron shape
- unipolar
- multimodal
- bipolar
26
What is a rare neuron shape?
- unipolar
| - only one process coming from cell body
27
3 types of neuron function
- sensory (afferent)
- motor (efferent)
- interneurons
28
What is a sensory neuron's function?
carries signal from PNS to CNS
29
What is another name for a sensory neuron?
afferent
30
What is a motor neuron's function?
carries signal from CNS to PNS
31
What is another name for a motor neuron?
efferent
32
What is the funciton of interneurons?
-transmit signals between neurons within single brain structure
33
Example of unipolar neuron
-brush neurons in auditory system
34
Example of bipolar neuron
-neurons in the retina
35
Example of multipolar neurons
-most neurons in the brain
36
3 functions of glial cells
- form myelin to coat axon
- remove debris
- exchange chemicals with neurons
37
4 types of glial cells
- oligodendrocytes
- schwann cells
- astrocytes
- microglia
38
function of oligodendrocytes
- type of glial cell
| - create myelin sheaths in CNS
39
true of false: glial cells transmit info
false
40
function of Schwann cells
- type of glial cell
| - create myelin sheaths in PNS
41
What happens to Schwann cells if they are damaged?
- they can regenerate
| - nerves can repair themselves
42
True or false: astrocytes are a type of glial cells with many functions
true
43
function of astrocytes
- type of glial cell
| - transfer nutrients by acquiring them from blood vessels in the brain
44
What is the largest type of lial cell?
astrocytes
45
function of microglia
- type of glial cell
- involved in response to injury/disease
- clean up dead neurons after an injury
46
What is an axon hillock??
-junction of cell body and axon
47
Where does action potential begin?
axon hillock
48
What is myelin and what is its function?
- insulation around axons
| - prevents current loss
49
Which disorder causes myelin to degrade?
Multiple Sclerosis
50
What are the nodes of ranvier?
gaps on an axon between myelin
51
What is the function of nodes of ranvier
propogate action potential
| since there is no insulation, current goes through faster
52
What are terminal buttons?
- endings of axon
- release neurotransmitters
- allow communication between neurons
53
What is the synapse
- gap between two neurons
| - where communication occurs between cells
54
Function of a nucleus
- inside cell body
- contains DNA
- controls activity of the cell
55
Function of Mitochondria
provides energy
56
Function of endoplasmic reticulum
-fat/protein synthesis
57
Where is the endoplasmic reticulum located and what does it look like?
- located in cell body
| - folded membranes
58
Function of ribosomes
-protein synthesis
59
Where are ribosomes located?
- endoplasmic reticulum
| - in cell body
60
What is the function of a golgi complex:
-packages molecules into vesicules
61
The golgi complex is a system of ____________
membranes
62
Function of microtubules
-transport molecues
63
Where are synaptic vesicles located?
-near the synapse
64
What is the function of synaptic vesicules?
package neurotransmitters before the chemical is released
65
where is the presynaptic membrane located?
at the end of the axon
66
what is the function of the presynaptic membrane?
establishes connection to the dendrite of another neuron
67
What is the postsynaptic membrane?
membrane that recieves neurotransmitter from another cell
68
How does the postsynaptic membrane receive neurotransmitters?
- contains receptors that receive chemical messages
| - chemicals binding the receptors create an electrical impulse
69
What do we use to measure the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell when a cell is at rest?
potentiometer
70
What is the resting membrane potetial in microvolts?
- -70 mV
71
why are ions capable of passing through the membrane?
- the membrane is semipermeable
| - sodium and potassium pumps
72
2 processes affecting distribution of ions
- diffusion
| - electrostatic pressure
73
What is diffusion?
- tendency for ions to move
- from areas of high concentration
- to areas of low concentration
74
What is electrostatic pressure?
- positive ions attracted to negative ions
| - positive ions repel positive ions
75
True or false: there is an uneven distribution of positive and negative ions
true
76
describe the concentraion of na, k and cl ions
- concentration of positive sodium ions is higher on the outside
- concentration of positive potassium ions is higher on the inside
- concnetration of negative chlorine ions is higher on the outside
77
Why is the resting membrane potential negative?
- there is high concentration of positive ions inside and outside
- therefore A- ions are stuck inside
78
What happens to Chlorine ions during action potential?
- pushed into cell by diffusion
| - pushed out of cell by electrostatic pressure
79
What happens to potassium ions during action potential?
- pushed into cell by electrostatic pressure
| - pushed out of cell by diffusion
80
what is resting membrane potential?
- diff in electrical charge
- between inside and outside of cell
- when neuron is at rest
81
What happens to sodium ions during action potential?
pushed into cell
| by both electrostatic pressure and diffusion
82
How is sodium kept out of cell
- membrane is semipermeable
| - the sodium potassium pump is designed to keep sodium out
83
What feature accounts for the semi permeability of the membrane?
- neuronal membrane
- allows certain ions/other mols to pass through
- doesn't let sodium in freely
- lets potassium ions in freely
84
True or false: the sodium potassium pump requires energy for active processes
true
85
What is the overall reason for resting potential being negative
different concentrations of ions inside and outside of the cell
86
What is postsynaptic potential?
changes in voltage of membrane at postsynaptic membrane
87
What causes a change in voltage in postsynaptic potential
Stimulus
88
What is the effect of an excitatory stimulus on voltage
-cause voltage to increase
89
How many potassium/sodium ions does pump bring out/in?
- brings 3 sodium ions outside
| - brings 2 potassium ions inside
90
what is the effect of an inhibatory stimulus on voltage?
causes voltage to decrease
91
3 properties of Post Synaptic Potential
- rapid
- graded (response proportional to strength of input)
- decremental (decrease in ampl. as it travels down neuron)
92
How does neuron decide whether an action potential is triggered?
- synaptic integration
- combines all post synaptic potentials
- into one signal
93
What is synaptic integration?
- combining all post synaptic potentials into one signal
| - to determine whether to fire action potential
94
What are the two types of synaptic integration?
- spatial summation
| - temporal summation
95
What is spatial summation?
- sum of post synaptic potentials
- being received from diff inputs
- ONTO SAME AREA OF NEURON
96
What is temporal summation
- summation of post synaptic potentials
| - that are spaced close in time
97
True or false: in synaptic integration, if PSPs are closer together, the response will me larger
true
98
What is action potential?
- the rapid depolarization of a cell membrane
| - from -70 to 50 mV
99
2 basic properties of action potential
1) threshold of excitation
| 2) all or none phenomena
100
Describe the all or none phenomena in action potential
- action potential either occurs or it does not
- depending on whether threshold is reached
- same action potential no matter the strength
101
What is the threshold of excitation
- membrane potential that must be reached for action potential to occur
- -55 mV
102
What happens after threshold of excitation is reached?
- sodium channels open
| - sodium enters (diffusion and electrostatic pressure)
103
What is depolarization caused by?
sodium ions rushing into the cell
104
What is the voltage of the cell during depolarization?
40-50 mV
105
Process of action potential
1) threshold reached
2) sodium rushes in
3) depolarization (50 mv)
4) sodium channels close
5) potassium channels open
6) potassium starts to leave cell
7) membrane repolarizes
8) potassium channels start to close
9) membrane hyperpolarizes as potassium channels close
106
What is hyperpolarization?
when membrane is more negative than it started
107
What is the order of polarization during action potential?
- depolarization
- repolarization
- hyperpolarization
108
What is TTX
powerful neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels
109
What is TTX used for?
novacaine
| prevents action potential
110
What is the absolute refractory period?
- point at which sodium channels close and lock
| - unable to fire another action potential
111
What is the relative refractory period?
- period of time when it is difficult for another action potential to occur
- not impossible
112
Where is action potential generated?
Axon hillock
113
Is conduction of action potential in unmyelinated neurons decremental or non decremental?
non-decremental
114
What is decremental
weakens as it goes down axon
115
Why is conduction in unmyelinated neurons slower?
because neuron depolarizes at each part of membrane
116
Why are nodes of ranvier important for propogating action potential?
- conduction is faster
| - because neuron only depolarizes at the unmyelinated sectons of the axon (nodes of ranvier)
117
What is saltatory conduction?
neuron only depolarizes at nodes of ranvier
| faster
118
What is multiple sclerosis
- demyelinating condition
- in CNS
- myelin deteriorates
- impacts the way nerves fire
119
What are the 3 types of synapse?
- axodendritic (axon and dendrite)
- axosomatic (axon and cell body)
- axoaxonic (axon and axon)
120
What ions are needed for vesicules to fuse into membrane? (exocytosis)
calcium
121
What is exocytosis?
process of neurotransmitter release
122
What are the two steps of exocytosis?
1) synaptic vesicules fuse with presynaptic membrane
| 2) neurotransmitter released from vesicules to synaptic cleft
123
How is post synaptic potential created?
- neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane
- alters activity of post synaptic neurons
124
What is a receptor?
- protein
- contains bidning sites
- only for specific neurotransmitter
125
What is a ligand
any molecule that bonds to another molecule
126
Advantage to having subtypes of receptors
- A single transmitter can have a variety of effects
| - creates flexibility
127
What are the two main categories of receptor?
- ionotropic
| - metabotropic
128
Describe the ionotropic category of receptor
- fast acting
- direct
- changes flow of ions in/out of cell
- ligand gated ion channels
129
Describe the metabotropic category of receptor
- slow
- indirect
- G protein linked
- when NT binds, G protein breaks away and activates other events
130
What are the 2 processes of terminating activity of neurotransmitter?
1) reuptake
| 2) degradation
