bio exam 1

Question 1

structure definition

Answer 1

the study of the shape, arrangement, and composition of the parts of a living thing ; what materials is an organism made of and how are those materials used to build the parts of a living thing

Question 2

function definition

Answer 2

the study of the traits, behaviors, and purpose of the parts of a living thing ; what the structures of a living thing actually do and how they contribute to the behavior of a living thing

Question 3

organism definition

Answer 3

an individual constituted to carry on the activities of life by means of parts or organs more or less separate in function but mutually dependent ; a living being

Question 4

how do cells replicate themselves

Answer 4

cell division

Question 5

2 important ideas of cell theory

Answer 5

1. all organisms are made of cells
2. all cells replicate from other cells

Question 6

chromosome definition

Answer 6

where all of the information needed to build all of the structures and perform all of the functions of the cell, is stored (made of DNA)

Question 7

gene definition

Answer 7

the individual pieces of information stored in the chromosomes, containing genetic information stored in a unique sequence of DNA molecules

Question 8

what was the first evidence that chromosomes carried information

Answer 8

fruit fly experiment (the chromosomal theory of inheritance)

Question 9

what is central dogma

Answer 9

DNA → RNA → proteins

Question 10

metabolism definition

Answer 10

the complete set of chemical reactions used in a cell

Question 11

anabolism (anabolic reactions) definition

Answer 11

chemical reactions that use energy to build new chemical bonds and new molecules

Question 12

catabolism (catabolic reactions) definition

Answer 12

chemical reactions that release energy for the cell to use by breaking down the chemical bonds of a molecule

Question 13

biological example of anabolism

Answer 13

building of sugar molecules during photosynthesis

Question 14

biological example of catabolism

Answer 14

breakdown of sugar into energy during glycolysis

Question 15

how is the energy stored by catabolism typically stored in cells

Answer 15

ATP

Question 16

5 characteristics of living things

Answer 16

1. living things are made of cells.
2. all living things must replicate themselves.
3. all living things store information about their structure and function and then pass that information on during replication.
4. all living things must acquire and use energy.
5. the traits of living things change over time by the process of evolution.

Question 17

descent with modification definition

Answer 17

the new cells and organisms inherit changes to their genes and thus changes to their structure and function

Question 18

how are physical traits determined

Answer 18

proteins

Question 19

prokaryotic definition

Answer 19

cells that have no nucleus

Question 20

eukaryotic definition

Answer 20

cells that contain a nucleus

Question 21

names of the 3 domains, and if they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Answer 21

1. bacteria (prokaryotic)
2. archaea (prokaryotic)
3. eukarya (eukaryotic)

Question 22

4 structures that are common to both pro and eu cells

Answer 22

1. plasma membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. ribosomes
4. chromosomes

Question 23

size differences between pro, eu, and viruses

Answer 23

viruses: 0.02-0.1 μm
prokaryotes: 1-10 μm
eukaryotes: 10-100 μm

Question 24

basic structure of prokaryotic chromosomes

Answer 24

• typically have only one chromosome
• circular in shape
• not kept inside nucleus
• found in nucleoid
• supercoils

Question 25

basic structure of eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 25

- typically have multiple chromosomes - linear in shape - held together in the middle by centromere - stored in the nucleus - supercoils into nucleosomes

Question 26

ribosome pro vs. eu

Answer 26

eukaryotic ribosome is much larger and more complex

Question 27

pro vs. eu organelle numbers and diversity

Answer 27

prokaryotes typically have none, eukaryotes have many

Question 28

pro vs. eu external structures

Answer 28

eukaryotic have few, prokaryotes have many types: 1. movement 2. protection 3. attachment 4. genetic transfer

Question 29

nucleus definition

Answer 29

stores and protects chromosomes ; place where DNA is used to make mRNA

Question 30

smooth er definition

Answer 30

stores calcium and makes fat-based molecules

Question 30

rough er definition

Answer 30

receives newly made proteins from ribosomes ; chemically modifies proteins

Question 30

golgi apparatus definition

Answer 30

sends proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the other organelles and secretes molecules into the fluid outside of a cell

Question 31

mitochondria definition

Answer 31

major site of creation of ATP

Question 32

ATP definition

Answer 32

the molecule that provides energy for the chemical reactions of the cell

Question 33

lysosome definition

Answer 33

breaks down and recycles damaged cell structures

Question 34

peroxisome definition

Answer 34

detoxifies the byproducts of chemical reactions and breaks down fats into energy

Question 35

which prokaryotes have a cell wall

Answer 35

all of them

Question 36

which eukaryotes have a cell wall

Answer 36

plant cells and fungal cells

Question 36

9 necessary functions of life

Answer 36

1. maintaining boundaries 2. movement 3. responsiveness 4. digestion 5. metabolism 6. excretion 7. growth 8. reproduction 9. homeostasis

Question 37

specialization definition

Answer 37

in multicellular organisms, when cells change their structure in order to become optimized for one or just a few functions

Question 38

Dr. J's 3 rules of cell function

Answer 38

1. proteins are required to form many of the structures and perform most of the life functions of a cell. 2. the functions that a cell or cell structure can perform is determined by the set of proteins it has. 3. the set of proteins a cell or cell structure has comes from how its genetic instructions are carried out in the context of its surrounding environment

Question 39

where do the steps of central dogma occur in prokaryotic cells

Answer 39

the information is copied into mRNA in the cytoplasm, and proteins are made in the cytoplasm

Question 40

where do the steps of central dogma occur in eukaryotic cells

Answer 40

the information is copied into mRNA in the nucleus, and proteins are made in the cytoplasm

Question 41

where do prokaryotes' proteins go after they are made

Answer 41

- cytoplasm - plasma membrane - outside of the cell

Question 42

where do eukaryotes' proteins go after they are made

Answer 42

- cytoplasm - plasma membrane - each different type of organelle - outside of the cell

Question 42

2 ways in which cells have variation in their structures and functions

Answer 42

1. differences in the genes and proteins that cells and organisms possess 2. differences in how an organism's genetic instructions are expressed by each cell

Question 43

polar covalent definition

Answer 43

covalently-bonded atoms where one atom has many more protons and attracts more of the electrons, so that it acts slightly negative

Question 44

non-polar covalent definition

Answer 44

when the electrons are shared equally and neither atom acts slightly charged

Question 45

if the EN difference is LESS THAN OR EQUAL to 0.5

Answer 45

nonpolar covalent

Question 46

if the EN difference is MORE than 0.5

Answer 46

polar covalent

Question 47

a polar atom with higher electronegativity has what partial charge

Answer 47

negative

Question 48

a polar atom with lower electronegativity has what partial charge

Answer 48

positive

Question 49

water can form hydrogen bonds with which types of molecules

Answer 49

ionic or polar covalent

Question 50

what are the 2 types of bases

Answer 50

1. negative bases 2. neutral bases