Bio Exam 3

Question 1

What is the difference between internal and external respiration?

Answer 1

External respiration is the gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs.
Internal respiration is the gas exchange between blood and tissues.

Question 2

Functions of nose and pharynx

Answer 2

Act as passageway for respiration, have receptors for smell, moisten and warm
upcoming air, have resonating chambers for voice, and filter large foreign
material from incoming air

Question 3

Name the structures in the lower respiration system

Answer 3

Larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

Question 4

How does inspiration work? Expiration?

Answer 4

Inspiration (inhale) is when the diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down;
intercostal muscles contract, elevating chest wall and expanding volume of chest,
lowering pressure in lungs, pulling in air
Expiration (exhale) is when muscles relax; diaphragm resumes dome shape; intercostal muscles allow chest to lower, resulting in increase of pressure in chest
and expulsion of air

Question 5

Location of respiratory center

Answer 5

Medulla Oblongata

Question 6

What is a neuron

Answer 6

Specialized cells that are made for communication. They generate and conduct electrical impulses

Question 7

Difference between sensory and motor neurons

Answer 7

Sensory neurons are neurons found in the PNS that receive stimuli neurons that
and transmit information to the CNS. Motor neurons are neurons found in the PNS that transmit information away from
the CNS

Question 8

Function of sodium/potassium pump

Answer 8

Maintains cell volume, establishes and maintains resting potential by ongoing
active transport of three NA+ out of the cell and two K+ into the cell

Question 9

Alveoli

Answer 9

tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the
lungs). The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out

Question 10

Surfactant

Answer 10

reduces surface tension enabling inflation of alveoli

Question 11

Tidal Volume

Answer 11

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath at rest

Question 12

Schwann cell

Answer 12

form myelin sheaths in PNS

Question 13

function of the epiglottis

Answer 13

Flaps over the larynx to prevent food and liquids from entering the lung

Question 14

pleural membranes

Answer 14

A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity. It protects and cushions the lungs

Question 15

vital capacity

Answer 15

Maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation

Question 16

CNS

Answer 16

(brain and spinal cord) receives, processes, and transfers information

Question 17

3 parts of neuron

Answer 17

cell body, dendrites, axon

Question 18

Resting potential

Answer 18

measurable difference in voltage across the cell membrane in a resting
cell

Question 19

Action potential

Answer 19

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an
impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

Question 20

Depolarization

Answer 20

Voltage-sensitive Na+ channels open, Na+ moves into the axon (this
reverses the voltage across the membrane, interior becomes +)

Question 21

Synapse

Answer 21

special junction between axon terminus and target cell

Question 22

Myelin

Answer 22

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the
brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

Question 23

Name the five skin sensory receptors and what they detect

Answer 23

Unencapsulated dendrites (detect pain, light pressure, and changes in temperature), merkel disks (detect light touch and pressure), meissner’s corpuscles (detect beginning and end of light touch and pressure), ruffini ends
(respond to ongoing pressure), pacinian corpuscles (detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration)

Question 24

Name the five taste categories detected by the tongue

Answer 24

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

Question 25

Name the sound pathway for hearing

Answer 25

Auditory canal, Tympanic membrane, Auditory ossicles, Oval Window of Cochlea, Fluid in cochlear duct, Organ of Corti, Vestibulocochlear nerve, Brain

Question 26

The Utricle and Saccule sense

Answer 26

linear acceleration and head position

Question 27

The semicircular canals sense

Answer 27

sensing rotational movement

Question 28

Name the vision pathway for seeing

Answer 28

Cornea, Aqueous humor, Pupil, Lens, Vitreous humor, Retina, Optic nerve, Brain

Question 29

Describe Diabetes mellitus (what it is, the two types and how they differ, chronic complications)

Answer 29

Diabetes mellitus is the disorder of blood sugar regulation. The two types are 1 (pancreas does not produce enough insulin) and 2 (insulin-resistant, cell fails to respond appropriately to insulin). High blood glucose can cause other health problems over time, such as heart disease, nerve damage, eye problems, and kidney disease

Question 30

What is the difference between steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones? (How does each one interact with the target cell).

Answer 30

By diffusing over the cell membrane, steroid hormones enter the target cell and bind to intracellular receptors to create a complex. Once in the nucleus, the hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and activates certain genes, leading to the production and translation of mRNA. A protein-based product triggers cellular hormone responses. slower acting than non steroid hormones; takes hours to days to take effect steroid-free hormones bind to cell membrane receptors on the target - Work with existing enzymes through intermediary processes. may involve a cellular "second messenger" like cyclic AMP (cAMP). steroid hormones, which take seconds to minutes to take effect, are quicker.

Question 31

Muscle spindel

Answer 31

stretch receptors that signal the length and changes in length of muscles.

Question 32

Cochlea

Answer 32

the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

Question 33

Tympanic membrane

Answer 33

separates the outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves reach the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate.’

Question 34

Myopia

Answer 34

common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately

Question 35

Sensory adaptation

Answer 35

the way our senses adjust to different stimuli.

Question 36

Calcitonin

Answer 36

a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in your blood. Calcitonin is made in your thyroid gland by cells called "C cells

Question 37

Fovea

Answer 37

a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated

Question 38

Otitis media

Answer 38

an infection of the middle ear that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) and a build-up of fluid behind the eardrum.

Question 39

Rods Vs Cones

Answer 39

Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision). They do not mediate color vision, and have a low spatial acuity. Cones are active at higher light levels (photopic vision), are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity

Question 40

Pituitary Gland

Answer 40

Produces oxytocin, prolactin, TSH, ADH, human growth hormone

Question 41

Thyroid gland

Answer 41

produces thyroid hormone, calcintonin

Question 42

Adrenal Gland

Answer 42

produces norepinephrine, Glucocorticoid Hormone

Question 43

Pancreas

Answer 43

produces insulin

Question 44

Name the four layers of the G.I tract and the components of eacjh

Answer 44

Mucosa (innermost layer, mucous membrane in contact with the lumen), Submucosa (layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves), Muscularis (two or three layers of smooth muscle, responsible for movement, motility), and Serosa (outermost layer)

Question 45

Why doesn’t gastric juice digest the stomach lining and wall?

Answer 45

Protective barrier of mucus between stomach wall and acid environment. Produced by specific cells of the stomach

Question 46

Name the contents of gastric juice

Answer 46

Hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, mucus, and pepsinogen

Question 47

Name the functions of liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Answer 47

The liver produces bile which emulsified lipids. The gall bladder concentrates and stores bile. the pancreas secretes enzymes and produces sodium bicarbonate

Question 48

Function of kidney

Answer 48

Contribute to maintenance of water balance  Contribute to maintenance of salt balance  Secrete an enzyme involved in the control of blood volume and blood pressure  Maintain acid−base balance and blood pH  Regulate red blood cell production via erythropoietin  Activate an inactive form of vitamin D

Question 49

Name three processes involved in the process of urine

Answer 49

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Question 50

Name the general recommendations for a healthy diet

Answer 50

Eat a variety of foods, maintain a healthy weight, eat plenty of fruits and vegetables and whole grains, consume sugar in moderation, consume about a table spoon of salt a day, drink alcohol in moderation

Question 51

Name the four distinct regions of the nephron tubules

Answer 51

Proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct

Question 52

Sphincters: A ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or tightens to open or close a passage or opening in the body 2). Saliva: watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands, providing lubrication for chewing and swallowing, and aiding digestion 3). Epiglottis: closes airway temporarily so food will not enter the trachea 4). Chyme: watery mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is delivered to the small intestine 5). Excretion: processes that remove wastes and excess materials from the body 6). ADH:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced 7) diuretic: diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. T 8) glomerular capsule: cup-shaped structure with a thin double membrane surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron of the vertebrate kidney. It serves as a filter to remove organic wastes, excess inorganic salts, and water. 9) gastrin: a hormone which stimulates secretion of gastric juice and is secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to the presence of food.