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Tyler K. > Bio Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Receives + processes sensory information both external and internal environments

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2
Q

2 components of mammalian nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)- brain + spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - nerves that transmit messages to CNS

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3
Q

Explain Neurons

A

Cells that transmit nerve impulses between nervous system

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4
Q

Neuroglia or Glial Cells

A

Accessory cell type to neurons that aid in their functions.

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5
Q

3 classes of Neurons

A

Sensory, Motor, and Interneurons

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6
Q

Explain sensory neurons

A

Take messages to CNS

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7
Q

Explain Motor neurons

A

Take messages from CNS to an organ, muscle fiber, or gland

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8
Q

Explain Interneurons

A

Receive info from sensory neurons and/or other interneurons in the CNS

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9
Q

3 main regions of a Neuron + explain

A

Cell body - contains nucleus
Dendrites - extensions that lead TOWARD cell body that receive signals from other neurons
Axon- conducts nerve impulse away from cell body AWAY from cell body towards cell body

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10
Q

Explain Myelin Sheath

A

Axonal protective covering
Formed by a glial cell type called Shwann Cells

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11
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps where there are no Myelin Sheaths

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12
Q

Explain 1st phase of nerve impulse

A

Resting Potential (-70mV)
Inside of axon negative compared to outside

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13
Q

Explain 2nd phase of nerve impulse

A

Active/Action Potential Begins (-55 mV)
Rapid change in polarity across axon membrane as impulse occurs

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14
Q

Explain 3rd phase of nerve impulse

A

Depolarization (+35 mV)
Sodium channels open and Na+ moves inside axon

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15
Q

Explain 4th phase of nerve impulse

A

Depolarization (-70mV)
Action potential ends
Potassium gates open and K+ moves outside axon
Hyperpolarization can occur, where mV decreases further

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16
Q

As soon as an action potential moves on from region on axon, the previous axonal section goes under a _____

A

Refractory period

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17
Q

Explain refractory period

A

Sodium channels unable top open
Prevent backwards flow of action potential
Keep action potential moving forward

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18
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

gated ion channels are concentrated on Nodes of Ranvier
Action potential travels faster on myelenated axon

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19
Q

2 ions required for action potential to occur

A

Sodium Na+ and Potassium K+

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20
Q

Explain Sodium Ion

A

Important for Depolarization
Flows into axon
+35mV

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21
Q

Explain Potassium Ion

A

Important for Depolarization
Flows out of Axon
Returns axon to resting potential, -70mV

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22
Q

Explain Synapse

A

-Every axon branches into many find endings, called an axon terminal
-Each axon terminal lies closely to dendrites or cell body of another nueron = SYNAPSE
-Separated by synaptic cleft

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23
Q

Explain neurotransmitters

A

Carries out communication between 2 neurons
Stored in synaptic vesicles in axon terminals
Releases Ca^2+ (Calcium Ion)

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24
Q

2 most common neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) and Norepinephrine (NE)

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25
Q

DNA - genetic material of life must follow 2 rules:

A

Be able to store information that pertains to development, structure, and metabolic activities of a cell/organism, AND Stabilize this information so that it can be replicated with high accuracy during cell division and be transmitted from generation to generation

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26
Q

Who officially/unofficially discovered DNA

A

Official: James Watson + Francis Crick
Unofficial: Rosalind Franklin

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27
Q

Explain structure of DNA

A

Chain of nucleotides (ACTGs)
-Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine
Antiparallel

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28
Q

Explain nucleotides complex

A
  1. Phosphate group
  2. Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
  3. Nitrogenous base (ACTG)
    Purines (double ringed): A, G
    Pyrimidines (single ringed): T, C
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29
Q

Purines should always bond with ___

A

Pyrimidines
A:T (2 hydrogen bonds)
G:C (3 Hydrogen Bonds)

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30
Q

3 steps on DNA job in order

A

Replication (DNA - DNA)
Transcription (DNA - RNA)
Translation (RNA - Proteins)

31
Q

What is DNA replication

A

The process of copying one DNA double helix into TWO identical double helices
Process is deemed semiconservative
The new double helix from this process has one conserved strand and one new strand

32
Q

Explain specific Steps of DNA replication

A

1.DNA helicase “unzips” the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by breaking weak hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide bases.
2. DNA polymerase (DNAP) adds complementary DNA nucleotides. DNAP knows what nucleotide to add because it uses each original strand as a template for the new strand.
3. DNA ligase seals the pieces of DNA together.

33
Q

3 parts of DNAP

A
  1. Leading strand – always 3’ to 5’ direction. Results in continuous formation of a NEW strand by DNAP.
  2. Lagging strand – always 5’ to
    3’ direction. Results in discontinuous formation of a NEW strand by DNAP,
    resulting in Okazaki fragments.
  3. Okazaki fragments – short
    segments of DNA
34
Q

What is DNA transcription

A

A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that encodes for an RNA molecule.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides.
A segment of DNA (gene) = template for an RNA molecule. The process of transcription is the exact same as DNA replication, except the enzyme is called RNA Polymerase

35
Q

RNA polymerase - Same exact process as DNA replication. What’s the ONLY difference (aside from RNA polymerase)?

A

Whenever there is an Adenine present on original DNA molecule, a Uracil molecule is used for the mRNA molecule (instead of Thymine).

36
Q

Explain Translation

A

Process by which an RNA sequence is read to make proteins
Occurs at the ribosome
Genetic code is triplet in nature = codon
4 mRNA bases/choices to choose from:
A, C, U, G
3 (triplet) bases = 1 protein (4x4x4) =
64 possibilities of making different
kinds of proteins

37
Q

What do AUG and UGA/UAA/UAG mean?

A

AUG = Start Codon – tells the ribosome
when to start translation
UGA, UAA, UAG = Stop Codon – tells the
ribosome when to stop translation

38
Q

Define immunity

A

Condition where body is protected from various threats, like pathogens toxins, and cancer cells

39
Q

Explain Antigens

A

Any molecule that stimulates an immune response

40
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Mechanisms in body that are fully functional w/o previous exposure to an antigen
Lots of White Blood Cells
“Police Force”

41
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Initiated + amplified after specific recognition of Antigens - involves B and T cells
Comes into play if innate defense isn’t enough
“FBI”

42
Q

Lymphoid Organs

A

Contain large numbers of Lymphocytes
Primary - red bow marrow + thymus (where lymphocytes develop+mature)
Secondary - lymph nodes + spleen (lymphocytes become active)

43
Q

B vs T cells

A

B - Produce antibodies to attack foreign invaders
T - Direct fighters of foreign invaders + help to activate other parts of immune system

44
Q

Examples of innate immunity physical+ chemical barriers

A

Physical - Skin, Mucous Membranes
Chemical - Secretion of oil glands, Acidic pH of stomach, native (good) bacteria

45
Q

Explain inflammation

A

Complex mechanisms that prevent further infection and increase exposure /access of the immune system to area of concern (warmth, swelling, redness, pain)

46
Q

Explain Antibodies

A

AKA immunoglobulins
Y-shaped molecules- Antigen binding sites
Made by B cells

47
Q

Define Active Immunity

A

Individual alone produces immune response against an antigen
Ex.Vaccination

48
Q

Virulent definition

A

Able to cause disease

49
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Individual receives antibodies or cells from another individual
Ex. Breast Feeding

50
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

Discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules

51
Q

Define systematics

A

Study of evolutionary relationships between 1 or more species

52
Q

Define Taxa/taxon

A

Basic classification categories - domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

53
Q

Explain Domain

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Largest/most inclusive classification
Discovered by Carl Woese

54
Q

4 kingdoms with Domain Eukarya

A

Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

55
Q

Explain Protists

A

Can be single-celled OR multicellular
Some can photosynthesize, some need to get from environment

56
Q

Explain Fungi

A

Helps decompose dead organisms (how they eat)

57
Q

Explain Plantae

A

Multicellular
Photosynthetic

58
Q

Explain Animalia

A

Multicellular
Must ingest + process food

59
Q

Define homologous structure

A

Structures that are anatomically similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor

60
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Structures that serve same function but not constructed similarly, nor share common ancestor

61
Q

Almost all living organisms have the same basic biochemical molecules -

A

DNA, ATP, Identical/Similar enzymes

62
Q

Ecology definition

A

Study of interactions organisms with each other + environment

63
Q

Explain competitive exclusion principle

A

Idea that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the sane time if resources are limited

64
Q

Explain resource partitioning

A

When there is a division of resources of feeding niches in an environment

65
Q

Explain Coevolution

A

Process by which 2 species adapt overtime in response to each other

66
Q

Symbiosis definition

A

Close interactions between 2+ living organisms

67
Q

Parasitism definition

A

Parasite (benefits) derives nourishment from another organism (host, harmed)

68
Q

Commensalism definition

A

One species benefits other one is neither harmed nor benefits

69
Q

Mutualism definition

A

Both species benefit

70
Q

Describe Conservation Biology

A

Interdisciplinary science w/ main goal of preserving + protecting biodiversity + Earth’s natural resources
Goal is to educate + take action

71
Q

4 ethical principles of Conservation Biology

A
  1. Biodiversity is desirable for biosphere/humans
  2. Human-induced extinctions are undesirable
  3. Complex interactions with ecosystems support biodiversity + maintenance of these is desirable
  4. Biodiversity generated by evolutionary change had essential value
72
Q

Endangered species definition

A

Faces immediate extinction thought all or most of its range (environments)

73
Q

Threatened Species definition

A

Likely to become endangered in foreseeable future

74
Q

3 levels of Biodiversity (Ascending Order)

A

Genetic, Ecosystem, Landscape

Tyler K. (5 decks)

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