Bio Exam 3 Flashcards
(378 cards)
1
Q
bAnimals are ___cellular ____________ (hetro/auto)
A
hetrotrophs
2
Q
Difference between animal and plant cell walls
A
plants have cell walls
3
Q
What do animal cells have intead of a cell wall?
A
proteins external to the cell membrane
4
Q
what is the most abundant protein found external to the animal cell membrane
A
collagen
5
Q
what ability underlies many of the adaptations that differentiates animal and plants
A
bility to move and conduct nerve impulses
6
Q
What kind of reproduction do animals have
A
Sexual reproduction
gametic meiosis
Gametes by Meiosis (n)
Zygote (2n) by fertilization
7
Q
Cleavage
when does it happen?
A
multiple mitositc cell divison without cell growth
after zygote forms
8
Q
Gastrulation
result?
A
one end of embryo fold inward and expands
embryonic tissues
9
Q
3 types of embryonic tissues
A
Extoderm (outer)
Mesoderm (middle (only seen in bilateral animal)
Endoderm (inner)
10
Q
5 steps of gametic reproduciotn
A
- Once there is a zygote, it
undergoes cleavage (multiple
mitotic cell divisions without
cell growth). - Cleavage leads to a
multicellular, embryonic,
hollow cell called a blastula. - Gastrulation occurs next,
where one end of the embryo
folds inward and expands. - Gastrulation results in the
layers of embryonic tissues - The resulting stage is called a
gastrula.
11
Q
What stage is blastula and gastrula made
A
Bla: 2
gas:5
12
Q
What is blastocoel
A
hollow cavity in the blastula
13
Q
larva
what do they eat?
where do they live
A
a sexually immature
form of an animal that is
morphologically distinct from the
adult.
the usually eat and liv somewhere separate from the adult
14
Q
metamorphosis
A
developmental transformation
that turns the animal into a
juvenile that resembles an
adult, but not yet sexually
mature.
15
Q
are the insects sexually mature after metamorphosis
A
no
16
Q
Hox genes
A
regulatory genes
that play important roles in the
development of animal
embryos, particularly the
development of body segments
and structures
During embryonic stage
17
Q
what genes regulate where body segments and structures should be?
A
hox genes
18
Q
Body plan
A
a set of morphological and
developmental traits that are integrated into
a functional whole – the animal
19
Q
ven though animals vary a lot
morphologically, their great diversity in
form can be described by a relatively small
number of major “_________”
A
body plans
20
Q
3 variations in body plans
A
- Symmetry
- Tissue organization
- Body cavities
21
Q
Radial Body Plan
A
body parts arranged
around a single main axis
Think sea anemone
22
Q
Bilateral body plan
A
body parts are
arranged around 2 axes (head-tail
and dorsal-ventral)
* Dorsal = top
* Ventral = bottom
think lobster
23
Q
Asymmetric body plan
A
no symetry
24
Q
tissues
A
collections of specialized cells
that act as a functional unit
25
what animals dont have tissue
sponges
26
in animals, the embryo
becomes layered due to
gastrulation
27
ectoderm
outermost germ layer
outer covering of animal
can give rise to nervous system
28
endoderm
innermost germ layer
lines organs + digestive track
29
only _______ animals have mesoderm
Triploblastic
30
bilateral animals are ________ (diplo/triplo)
Triploblastic
31
mesoderm
Fills the space between
endoderm and ectoderm
* Forms muscles and some organs
32
Body cavity
fluid or air-filled
space located between the
endoderm and the ectoderm
* Normally where mesoderm is in
bilateral animals
Structural support
* Facilitate transport of nutrients,
gases, and wastes
33
coeloem
Body cavity that forms from tissue
derived from the mesoderm
* Found in triploblastic animals
help cusion suspended organs
earthworm
34
hemocoel
Found in triploblastic animals
* A body cavity that forms between
the mesoderm and the endoderm
contains hemolymph (similar to blood)
35
hemolymph
a fluid that functions in internal transport of nutrients and waste)
* Analogous to human blood
* Circulated through the body cavity in an open system by the heart
36
can animals completely lack body cavities?
yes
37
Thin, flat bodies, dont require _____________ because they are so thin
why?
internal transport systems
Everything is abosrobed through skinw
38
what kind of body cavity do flat worms have
compact (none)
39
Protostomes and deuterostomes
Protostomes – “mouth first”
* Mouth develops from blastopore
Deuterostome – “anus first”
* Anus develops from blastopore
40
most mammals/humans are ______stomes
dueterostomes
41
most antropods are _____stomes
protostomes
42
_______ (phylum
_______) are the sister
group to all other
animals
Sponges (phylum
Porifera)
43
__________is a clade
of animals with tissues
(“true animals”).
Eumetazoa
44
Most animal phyla
belong to the clade
________ w 3 germ layers
Bilateria
45
There are 3 major
clades of _______
animals.
bilaterian
46
what are the 3 major clades of bilaterian
Deuterostomia
* Lophotrochozoa
* Ecdysozoa
47
3 bilateral clades of beuterostomia
invertabrate/vertibrate
Hemichordates (acorn worms) (invert)
* Echinoderms (sea stars &
relatives) (invert)
* Chordates (vert)
48
Lophotrochozoa
invertabrate/vertibrate
key characteristic
invertabrates
Lophophores – crown of ciliated
tentacles that surround the
mouth and function in feeding
49
aremore animals invertebrates or vertebrates
invertebrates
50
What phylum are known as Sponges
Porifera
51
filter feeders
filter out generally large food
particles that are commonly suspended in
the water column
52
Porifera are ______/_______ (fixed in one place)
Sessile/sedentary
53
Spongocoel
central cavity of a sponge (Porifera)
54
Osculum
opening that connects spongocoel to environment (Phylum Porifera)
55
Choanocytes
Phylum Porifera
flagellated cells that engulf bacteria and other food
particles by phagocytosis
56
Amoebocytes
Phylum Porifera
amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia
* They take up food from the surrounding water and from choanocytes, digest it, and
carry nutrients to other cells)
* Amoebocytes are totipotent
57
totipotent
capable of becoming other types of sponge cells
58
What kind of Porifera is totipotent
Amoebocytes
59
Porifera are considered ______ animals, meaning ______
Basal animals – diverged from other animals early in the history of the group
Lack tissues (not true animals), but
still have diverse cell types
(multicellular; e.g., choanocytes &
amoebocytes)
60
Do Porifera have tissues
no
61
Hermaphrodites
What is it and what phylum
Phylum Porifera
each individual functions as both
male and female in
reproduction by producing
sperm AND eggs
62
Is porifera sexual or asexual
both
Budding for asexual
63
Porifera can produce antibiotics and defensive compounds. For example:
Cribrostatin – kills both
cancer cells and penicillin-
resistant strains of
Streptococcus spp
64
are Phylum Cnidaria true animals
yes
Eumetazoan – “true animal”
65
Phylum cnidaria have a central digestive compartment called
gastrovascular cavity
66
Polyps and medusa
Phylum cnidaria
Polyps – large, sessile (e.g.,
hydras and sea anemones)
* Medusae (sing. medusa) –
smaller, motile (e.g., free-
swimming jellies
67
Cnidocytes
in phylum cnidaria
Characterisitic on tenticles that protect and help capturing prey
* Within these are nematocysts –
stinging thread that can
penetrate the body of prey
68
do cnidarians have brains
no
movement is coordinated by noncentralized nerve net w/ sensory structures
69
2 clades of cnidaria
Medusozoans – cnidarians that
produce a medusa
Anthozoans – cnidarians that
only exist as polyps
70
Jellyfish
Phylum and scientific name
what stage?
phylum cnidaria
Scyphozoans
Most of life is in medusa
71
Box jellies
Phylum and scientific name
example?
phylum cnidaria
cubozoans
known as "cube animals"
Chironex fleckeri:one of the deadliest animals in the world
72
Obelia, siphonophores
Phylum and scientific name
what stage?
Phylum cnidaria
hydrozoans
most of life in polyp stage
73
what phylum of medusozoa spends most of their life in polyp stage
hydrozoans
74
What species are in clade Medusozoa (phylum cnidaria)
scyphozoans (jelly)
cubozoans (box jelly)
hydrozoans (obelia)
75
Only occurs as polyps and can secrete exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
Anthozoa clade of phylum Cnidaria
sea ameboa and coral
76
Coral bleaching
increase in seawater temperatures clears out their algal symbionts
77
Bilateria
in Phylum...
Symmetry?
Diplo or triplo blastic?
Lophotrochozoa
bilateral symmetry
triploblastic (no body cavity)
78
Phylums of Bilateria- Lophotrochozoa
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Syndermata (rotifers, acanthocephalans)
Ectoprocta (bryozoans)
Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
Mollusca (snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squids)
Annelida
79
Phylum Platyhelminthes
example?
Diplo/triploblastic
specialized organs?
Clade and Phylum?
Flatworms
triploblastic
no specialized organs needed for gas exchange bc It is absorbed thru skin
Lophotrochozoa- Bilateria
80
Planarians
phylum
parasitic?
asexual/sexual
Distinct characteristic
Free-living flatworms found in ponds/streams
Phylum Platyhelminthes, Clade Bilateria/lophotrochozoa
Not parasitic
both asexual (split in half) and sexual (hermaphroditic)
Light-sensitive eyespots
81
Trematodes
Phylum
Parasitic?
Life cycle
phylum platyhelminthes- lopotrochozoa
Parasitic
require an intermediate host before infecting the final host (similar to malaria)
82
Tape worms
Phylum
Parasitic?
2 important structures
phylum platyhelminthes- lopotrochozoa
Parasitic (live in vertebrates)
scolex (attaches) and proglottids (holds eggs)
83
Scolex
In tapeworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
“sucker” for attachment to human
intestinal lining
84
Proglottids
In tapeworms (phylum platyhelminthes)
long ”ribbon” of units; consists
of thousands of fertilized eggs
85
Phylum Syndermata
Phylum Lophotrochozoans
Rotifers
Used to be 2 separate phylums
86
Phylum Rotifera and
Phylum Acanthocephala were combined into phylum _________
syndermata
87
Rotifers
phylum
key characteristic
Reproduction
Phylum syndermata (Lophotrochozoans)
Trophi – jaws grind up food
parthenogenesis- consist only of females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs
88
parthenogenesis-
consist only of females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs
89
Acanthocephlans
phylum
asexual/sexual
parasitic?
Phlum Syndermata (lophootrochozoans)
sexual
parasitic (manipulates intermediate hosts to get to final host (ex: crabs to get to seaguls))
90
Phylum Ectoprocta
common name
Lophotrochozoans
Common name: bryozoans (“moss animals”)
91
Phylum Brachiopoda
common name
Lophotrochozoans
common name: lamp shells
92
What is the 1st and 2nd most diverse phylum
1: arthropod
2: mollusca
93
3 main components of mollusca body plan
Foot – muscular structure for
movement
Visceral mass – contains internal
organs
Mantle – fold of tissue that secretes a shell (also has water-filled chamber called the mantle cavity)
94
Space between mantle and visceral mass
Mantle cavity
95
4 clades of Phylum Mollusca
Polyplacophora (chitons)
Gastropoda (snails, slugs)
Bivalvia (clams, oysters, etc.)
Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses,
96
Phylum Mollusca is in Clade
Lophotrochozoans
97
Radula
Mouth of phylum mollusca
98
Mollusks have ______ circulatory system
open
99
Phylum and Clade
Oval shaped body with a shell made of 8 dorsal plates
Chitons
Phylum Mollusca
Polyplacophora
100
75-80% of phylum mollusk are in clade
gastropoda
101
What clade are snails and slugs
most of this clade is marine
Phylum Mollusca
Clade gastropoda
102
Single spiral shell of clade gastropoda prodive
protection
and Prevent dehydration
103
All aquatic and sedentary/sessile
Shells are divided into 2 halves with a hinge
Adductor muscles close them
Eyes & sensory tentacles along the outer edge of mantle
Has gills
Phylum Mollusca
Clade Bivalvia
104
suspension feeders
Def and clade
trap small food particles in mucus that coats their gills, cilia move to mouth
Phylum Mollusca, Clade Bivalvia
105
Clade of marine predators with tentaces
Foot has been modified into a muscular excurrent siphon (jet stream) and part of the tentacles
Reduced, interior, or missing shell
Phylum Mollusca
Clade Cephalopoda
106
______are the only living cephalopods with external shells in Clade Cephalopoda
Chambered nautiluses
107
Only mollusca clade with closed circulatory system
Cephalopoda (squid)
108
Examples of Clade cephalopoda
Architeuthis dux (the giant squid)
Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni (the colossal squid)
109
Bodies resemble fused rings
Most are marine
Phylum Annelida
110
2 clades of Phylum Annelida
Errantia
Sedentaria
111
Mobile predators that can drift, crawl, and burrow
Parapodia (feet are beside)
Cirri
well developed jaws and sensory organs
Phylum Annelida
Clade Errantia
112
Cirri
Fused bundles of cilia in Phylum Annelida
113
2 Examples of Clade Sedentaria, Phylum Annelida
Leeches
earthworms
114
sedentary
Attach to the host and are parasitic
Secrets Hirudin, which prevents coagulation
Phylum Annelida
Clade sedentarians
Leeches
115
eat through soil
Hermaphroditic (sexual)
Fragmentation followed by regeneration (asexual)
Clitellum stores eggs in sexual
Phylum Annelida
Clade Sedentarians
earthworms
116
Are earthworms sexual or asexual
both
Hermaphroditic for sexual
Fragmentation for asexual
117
Setae
118
2 phyla in Ecdysozoa
Nematodes (roundworms)
Arthropods
119
What is the most diverse animal group
Ecdysozoa
120
Found anywhere
covered by a cuticle
no circulatory system
Hemocoel (body cavity)
Nematoda
121
Example of Phylum Nematoda
Caenorhabditis elegans
Trichinella spiralis
122
Has over 100 genes associated with human disease and are therefore used to develop cures
Caenorhabditis Elegans
Phylum Nematoda
123
Causes trichinosis
Obtained via raw meat
Trichinella spiralis
Phylum Nematoda
124
Most successful animal phylum
Billion Billion organisms (2nd most diverse)
Phylum Arthropoda
125
segmented Ecdysozoan with a
hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Arthropod
126
Exoskeleton provides (4 points)
* Structure, Support, Protection, Points of attachment for muscles
127
Phylum Arthropoda bodies are covered by a __________ made of proteins and _________
cuticle, chitin
128
Arthropods evolved from the __________.
Because of this, the exoskeleton is _____________ (prevents desiccation)
evolved from the sea
exoskeleton is impermeable to water
129
What were the first animals to colonize land
arthropods
130
2 open circlatory systems of Phylum Arhtropoda
Hemolymph – analogous to human blood (reserved for closed system)
* Hemocoel – body cavity that surrounds tissues and organs
131
3 major clades of Phylum Arthropoda
Chelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders)
* Myriapods (centipedes, millipedes)
* Pancrustaceans (some insects, lobsters, shrimp)
132
have specialized respiratory organs
hemocoel becomes the main body cavity in adults
Phylum arthropoda
133
most insects have ________________, branched air ducts leading into the
interior of the body from pores in the cuticle
tracheal systems
134
CLADE
claw-like feeding appendages that
serve as pincers or fangs
No antennae
Single lens eyes
Phylum Arthropoda – clade Chelicerata
135
Chelicerae
claw-like
feeding appendages that
serve as pincers or fangs
136
Earilest species of Chelicerata clade of Phylum Arhtropoda
eurypterids
137
Most spiders are part of clade
Chelicerata (Phylum arthropoda)
138
4 main uses of silk spinning in spiders
What makes the silk
Capture
Defense/escape
Cover for eggs
(protection)
“Gift wrap” for food that
males offer females
during courtship
Silk made by spinnerets
139
CLADE
Millipedes and
centipedes
* All are terrestrial
* Pair of antennae
* 3 pairs of appendages
modified as mouthparts (including jaw-like mandibles)
Phylum Arthropoda – clade Myriapoda
140
what do millipedes eat
what do centipedes eat
decaying leaves + plant matter
carnivores (have poision claws that paralyze prey
141
CLADE
Highly specialized appendages
* Antennae (2 PAIRS)
* Mouthparts
* Walking legs
* Tail
Includes crustaceans and
insects
Phylum Arthropoda – clade Pancrustacea
142
What is the only arthropod clade that has 2 pairs of antennae
Clade Pancrustacea
143
Largest group are isopods
* Most morphologically
diverse
* Most have flattened bodies
* Ex: __________ that live ______
Clade Pancrustacea, Crustaceans
terrestrial pill bug (roly-poly) live under wet logs + leaves
144
Decapods
cuticle made of calcium carbonate in crustaceans (Clade pancrustacea)
145
Sessile
* Cuticle is hardened into a shell
containing calcium carbonate
* Anchor themselves to rocks,
boat hulls, pilings, and other
submerged surfaces
Barnacles
Clade Pancrustacea
Phylum Arthropoda
146
Clade Pancrustacea covers all _________, __________, ___________
Insects, Crustaceans, Barnicales
147
What is the difference between Incomplete and complete metamorphism
Incomplete: nymphs (young stage) is smaller and lack wings
Complete: younger versions look completely different
147
Subclade of Pancrustacea that includes all insects
Where are their wings?
Can they walk on land effectivley?
Hexapoda
1 or 2 pairs of wings that
emerge from dorsal (top)
side of thorax
Can walk effectivley, separating them from birds/bats
148
5 benefits of insects
Consume LOTS of plant matter
* Predators, parasites, decomposers
* Essential source of food for larger
animals
* Pollination
* Edible for protein
149
2 dieases carried by insects
African sleeping sickness (tsetse
flies)
Malaria (mosquitos)
150
Clade of bilaterian animals
Anus first
Deuterostomia Clade
151
3 phylum of Deuterostomia clade
Echinodermata (“spiny
skin”)
Hemichordata (“half
chordate”)
Chordata (“chordate”)
152
Divided into 5 clades
* Slow moving and/or sessile
* Have a coelom
Echinoderm Phylum, in clade Deuterostomia
Includes sea stars/urchins
153
What phylum has the water vascular system
echinoderms
154
a network of hydraulic canals
branching into extensions
called tube feet that function in
locomotion and feeding
water vascular system
unique to echinoderms
155
ORGANISM
Arms extend from a central
disk
* Undersurfaces bear tube feet
* Gripping action is due to
adhesive chemicals, not by
suction
Can regenerate parts
Clade Deuterostomia: Phylum Echinodermata: clade Asteroidea
Sea Star
156
Organism
* Armless
* Only 3 known species
* Live on submerged wood
* Body is disk-shaped
* Less than a cm in diameter
* Edge of body is ringed with
small spines
* Absorbs nutrients through a
membrane that surrounds their
body
Clade Deuterostomia: Phylum Echinodermata: clade Asteroidea
Sea daisies
157
ORGANISM
Central disc
* Long, flexible arms
* Lash their arms in
serpentine movements
* Don’t have flattened discs
at the end of their tube feet
* Use adhesive chemicals
* Can be suspension feeders,
predators, or scavengers
Clade Deuterostomia: Phylum Echinodermata: clade Asteroidea
Brittle stars
158
CLADE
No arms
* 5 radially arranged groups of tube feet
2 examples
Clade Deuterostomia:
Phylum Echinodermata: clade Echinoidea
Sea urchin + sand dollar
159
ORGANISM
Attached to a substrate
by a stalk
* Suspension feeders
Clade Deuterostomia:
Phylum Echinodermata: clade Crinoidea
Sea Lilies
160
ORGANISM
Crawl by using long,
flexible arms
* Suspension feeders
Clade Deuterostomia:
Phylum Echinodermata: clade Crinoidea
Feathered stars
161
ORGANISM
Lack spines
* Reduced exoskeleton
* Elongated shape
* 5 radially arranged sections of
tube feet
Clade Deuterostomia:
Phylum Echinodermata: clade Holothuroidea
sea cucumber
162
2 groups of invertebrate deuterostome that are more closely related to vertebrates than other invertebrates
cephalochordates and the urochordates
163
The common
ancestor of all
vertebrates had a
_______ & ________ composed of
________.
skull and backbone
vertebrae
164
________ & _______are a sister
group to all other
animals (and most
distantly related to vertebrates)
Hagfishes and
lampreys
165
Limbs with _______
was a key
development for
terrestrial life.
digits
166
An ______egg
is only found in
reptiles and
mammals
amniotic
167
Why are not all cordates vertebrates
Vertebrate evolved later
ex: Cephalochordata
* Unichordata/Tunicata
168
4 key characteristics of vertebrates evolution
1.The common ancestor of all
vertebrates had a skull and
backbone composed of
vertebrae.
2. Hagfishes and lampreys are a sister group to all other
animals (and most distantly related).
3. Limbs with digits was a key
development for terrestrial life.
4. An amniotic egg is only found in
reptiles and mammals.
169
Are the heaviest animals vertebrates or invertebrates
vertebrates
170
bilateral symmetry (and thus, triploblastic; what does this mean?)
Deuterostome
animals that, at some point during their development, have a notochord, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, and a muscular, post-anal tail
Chordate
171
4 key characteristics of
chordates, commonly only
seen during embryonic
development:
* Notochord
* Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
* Pharyngeal slits/clefts
* Muscular, post-anal tail
172
Derived character
a trait that
arose in the most recent common
ancestor of a lineage and was
passed on to all of its
descendants
173
In ________, a longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed
_________ cells that runs
along the anterior-posterior
axis of a chordate in the
dorsal part of the body.
174
Notocord
Who has them
What is it
what is its purpose
In Chordates
a longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed
mesodermal cells that runs
along the anterior-posterior
axis of a chordate in the
dorsal part of the body.
Skeletal support
175
Do humans have notocords
yes it is just reduced and forms discs in spine
176
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Develops from ________
develops into______
Develops from ectoderm
develops into central nervous
system (brain & spinal cord)
177
Pharyngeal slits/clefts
Purpose
Pharynx
Digestive tube
posterior (Below) to the mouth is the pharynx
178
Pharyngeal clefts
who?
what?
Develop into?
modified to?
All chordate embryos
series of arches separated by grooves forms along the outer surface of the pharynx
can develop into pharyngeal
slits
modified for gills in fish
179
Muscular, post-anal tail
Size
makeup
job
In many species, greatly
reduced during embryonic
development
* Contains skeletal elements
and muscles
* Helps to propel many
aquatic species in the water
180
Class + common name + ex
Invertebrate cordates
sister group to chordates
Blade like shape
Class Cephalochordata
Lancelets
EX: Lamprays
181
Class + common name
Invertebrate cordates
Sessile Marine
Class Urochordata
Tunicates (aka ”sea squirts”)
182
2 class of invertebrate chordates
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
183
What is missing in the adult stage of a tunicate? why?
tail, notochord, and never cord.
Blocked by hox genes
184
are all vertebrates chordate?
yes
185
How many hox genes do vertebrates have? lancelets/tunicates?
vert: 2+
L/T: 1
186
What led to the innovated nervous system + skeleton seen in vertebrates
more hox genes
187
neural crest
A collection of cells that appears
along the edges of the closing
neural tube of an embryo
188
Class + sub clade
Vertebrate
All are marine
Jawless
No backbone (rudimentary vertebrae made of cartilage instead)
Create liters of slime from slime glands
Class Myxini
Cyclostomes
189
2 Cyclostomes vertebrate classes
(jawless)
Myxini
Petromyzontida
190
Class + Ex
Marine & freshwater
Jawless
No backbone (rudimentary vertebrae made of cartilage instead)
Can be parasitic of fish
Class Petromyzontida
Jawless
191
class thats slime is being used to create a space-filling slime for surgery
Myxini
192
living jawless vertebrates
Cyclostomes
193
Animals are considered __________ because they physically ingest and digest food inside the body
chemoheterotrophs
194
during sexual reproduction in animals, a zygote undergoes ________ to create an eight-cell embryo
cleavage
195
what are the 3 variations in body plans
symmetry, body cavities, tissue organization,
196
do earthworms have coelom or hemocoel
coeloem
197
a cell type within spondes that is totipotent is
amoebocytes
198
what class of cnidaria only exists in polyp form
anthozoans
199
What stage do box jeelies primarily live as
medusa
200
what species does "penis fencing"
platyhelminthes
201
what is an example of bivalvia
oysters
202
nematodes coelom becomes severly reduced as they develop, and the hemocoel becomes dominanat. what is this kind of body cavity called
hemolymph
203
how do sea stars grip to surfaces
adhesive chemicals
204
the have arms extending from a central disn
sea stars (asteroidea)
205
jaw vertebrates
gnathostomes
206
Jaws
hinged structures that,
especially with the help of teeth, help
enable gnathostomes to grip food items
and slice them
207
T/F In primitive version of jaws, teeth were not seen
true
208
hypothesis,
gnathostome jaws evolved by
modification of the __________ that
had previously supported the anterior __________________
The remaining gill slits no longer
required for suspension feeding,
remained as the major sites of
_____________ with the external environment
skeletal rods
pharyngeal (gill) slits
respiratory gas exchange
209
Common ancestors of gnathostomes
underwent duplication of _____________________, which duplicated entire genomes. enabling origin of jaw
Hox genes
210
CLASS
Cartilage fish (sharks, rays, and
relatives)
* Skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone
Swift Swimmer
Class Chondrichthyes
211
In class chondrichtyes, ____________ fins act as stabilizers while ____________ & ____________
fins help with maneuvering
Dorsal
Paired pectoral and pelvic
212
Class chondrichthyans gain buoyancy by _______________.
storing oil in its
huge liver
213
Can class chondrichthyans stop swimming?
No, must continuously swim to prevent sinking
* Ensures constant water flow (mouth -> gills) for gas exchange
214
Largest sharks and rays are
____________feeders and eat ____________
* Most sharks are _________________
suspension, plankton
carnivorous
215
Spiral valve
a corkscrew-shaped ridge that
increases surface area and
prolongs the passage of food
through the digestive tract
class chondrichthyes
216
What is unique about shark teeth
Sharks have several rows of teeth
that gradually move to the front of
the mouth as old teeth are lost
217
Class chondrichthyes (sharks) senses (Eyes and nostrils)
Sharp vision but cannot decipher colors
Nostrils function only for
smelling – not for breathing
218
CLASS + species example
Pair of regions in the skin of
their head that can detect electric
fields generated by muscle
contractions of nearby animals
Sound reaches through
water, and the animal’s entire
body transmits the sound to the
hearing organs of the inner ear
Class chondrichthyes
sharks
219
Shark eggs are fertilized ______________(external/internal)
internally
220
on male pelvic fins that tranfer sperm to female
claspers
221
Some sharks are Oviparous, meaning
lay eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body
222
Cloaca
common chamber for
the reproductive, digestive, and
excretory tracts
1 opening to the outside
223
majority of vertebrates
belong to the clade of gnathostomes
called _____________-
Osteichthyes
224
Difference between osteichthyes and chondricthytes
nearly all living osteichthyans have an ossified (bony) endoskeleton
Swim bladder; Allows osteichtyes to flow (unlike chondrcthyes that have to always swim)
225
Most fishes breathe by drawing water over four or five pairs of gills located in
chambers covered by a protective bony flap called the _____________
operculum
226
_____: an air sac to
maintain buoyancy equal to
surrounding water in class ______________
Swim bladder
Osteichthyes
227
in Class osteichtyhes, _______ are skin glands release
this to reduce drag during
swimming
Slimy mucous
228
What class are ray-finned fishes? example?
Class Actinopterygii
tuna, bass, herring, cod (major human protien source)
229
The key derived character of lobe-
fins is the presence of _____________
Class Sarcopterygii
rod-shaped bones
230
3 sub classes of Sarcopterygii (lob-fin fish)
Coelacanths (subclass Actinistia)
* Lungfishes (subclass Dipnoi)
* Some tetrapods
231
These organisms adapted to life on land and gave rise to vertebrates with limbs and feet, called _______—a lineage that includes humans
tetrapods
sub class of Class Sarcopterygii
232
SUBCLASS
Coelacanths
thought to be extinct
"Living Fossil"
Subclass Actinistia
Class sarcopterygii
233
SUBCLASS
Lungfishes
Arose initially in the ocean, but all are now found only in freshwater habitats
Subclass Dipnoi
Class sarcopterygii
234
Species
Surface to gulp air into
lungs connected to their
pharynx
* Gills for gas exchange
* Can burrow into mud
during dry seasons (to
wait in a state of torpor)
Lungfish
235
Difference between clase urodelo and anura in Class amphibia
anura does not have tails
236
3 clades of class amphibians
urodela: tails
anura; no tails
Apoda; no legs
237
CLADE + CLASS + Ex
Can be entirely aquatic or
terrestrial (as adults)
* Side-to-side bending of body
to move if terrestrial
* Some
exhibit paedomorphosis _____
clade urodela (salamanders)
Amphibia
paedomorphosis – larval or juvenile features retained in adult
238
paedomorphosis
larval or juvenile features
retained in adult
* Ex: axolotls
think pedo (children)
239
What clade are frogs? Difference of frogs and toads
Anura
All toads are frogs, but not all frogs are toads
Toads are frogs that have leathery skin and are more adapted for land
240
CLADE
Long, sticky tongue for
capturing prey
- Skin glands secrete distasteful
(or even poisonous) mucous
- Many poisonous species have
distinctive color patterns
and/or ________ coloration
Class amphibia
Clade anura
241
What do dart frogs secrete and what does it do
dart frogs can secrete batrachotoxin
paralysis, extreme pain and even cardiac failure
242
CLADE
Legless
* Nearly blind
* Morphologically resemble
earthworms
Evolved from a secondary adaptation
Clade Apoda
Class Amphibia
243
What does amphibian mean?
“Amphi-” both
”-bian” or “-bios” life
244
Amphibian Larval stage – tadpole
* Food source
* What is used for gas exchange
* legs? How does it move
* Aquatic herbivore
* Gills
* lacks legs
* Moves by undulating its tail
245
3 stages of frog life cycel
larval (tadpole), metamorphasis, adult
246
Amphibianmetamorphosis
* Food souce
* what is used for gas exchange
*Legs? how does it move
What else develops
* carnivorous diet
* Gills turn to lungs
*Legs
* lungs, external eardrums, digestive system
247
amphibians Rely heavily on moist skin for ____________
respiration
248
Amphibian eggs
Eggs lack a shell
* Can dehydrate quickly in dry
conditions
249
Do amphibians carry eggs or lay them
either
some frogs carry eggs in their mouth or back
250
2 tetropods
Amphibians
amniotes
251
2 clades of amniotes
reptiles
mammals
252
main derived characteristic of clade amniote
amniotic egg
contains 4 specialized
membranes (AKA extraembryonic membranes)
Amnion, Chorion, Yolk sac, Allantois
253
4 extraembryonic membranes of amniotic eggs? are they part of the embryo body?
Amnion, Chorion, Yolk sac, Allantois
No, grow from tissue layers that grow out from the embryo
254
Amniotic egg is named for one of the extra membranes
amnion
255
purpose of Chorion, Yolk sac. Allantois, amnion, in amniotic egg
Chorion – eliminates
nitrogenous waste and
functions in gas exchange
* Yolk sac – contains yolk +
nutrients
* Allantois – disposal for
metabolic wastes
* Amnion- fluid filled cavitycusions from mechanical shock
256
what is a key evolution to allow amniots to move away from water
Aminion, gives egg its own personal 'pond' allowing them to lay on land
257
Derived characteristic of class reptilia
scales made of caratin
258
difference between retilians and amphibians
reptiles lay eggs on land with hard shell, internal fertilization
amphibians lay in water with no shell
259
what does cold-blooded mean? What is the real term for it
ectothermic
does not use their metabolism solely to control their body temp
Temp is regulated by behavioral adaptations (find shade/warmth)
260
ectothermic
endothermic
Ecto: External heat is absorbed as main source of body heat
Endo: Heat is generated by their own metabolism
261
Early reptiles were diapsids Like all reptiles today characterized by ______________
pair of holes on each side of skull
262
3 lineages for diapsids, class reptilia
Turtles
* Lepidosaurs (tuataras, lizards,
snakes)
* Archosaurs (crocodiles,
alligators, dinosaurs, birds)
263
Lineage of diapsids
No holes in skull behind eye
sockets (other reptiles have 2)
Turtles
264
Boxlike shell made of upper
and lower shields fused to the
_________, __________, _________. Primitive turtles showed shell-like structures along their _____only
vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs
belly only
265
What is the only speices in reptilian lineage Lepidosaurs? what does their survival depend on
tuataras
depends on rat free e vironment (rats eat their eggs)
266
Snake and lizard lineage
lepidosaurs
reptilians
267
Lineage
grabbing belly scales
acute chemical sensors
* Sensitive to ground vibrations (no sense of smell)
* Heat-detecting organs
Snakes
Lineage Lepidosaurs
268
Archosaurs ) = ___________ and ___________-
crocodiles and allegators
269
The earliest archosaurs were a lot
__________ & ___________ and evolved to breathed air through their _____________
smaller and terrestrial
upturned nostrils
270
Alligator vs.crocodile
Alli: Darker, blackish color, U-shaped snout, Prefers fresh water, Less aggressive than crocodiles
Croc: Lighter, olive-green/brown
color, V- shaped snout, Prefer brackish or salt water, Almost always react aggressively
271
what class and linage are birds
clsas reptilia
lineage archosaurs
272
Birds
Wings are remodeled _______________
* Bones have a _______
internal structure and are filled
with air
________ feathers provide insulation
tetrapod forelimbs
honeycombed
Downy
273
3 bird adaptations for flight
- Reduction in teeth/ digestive tract
- feathers made from β-keratin (scales of other rep)
- wings / Large pectoralis muscles
274
do birds have color vision? Brain size?
yes, and excellent vision
larger brain relativitly
275
Earliest known bird
Archaeopteryx
276
What is the order of birds that are
flightless
Ratites
277
What is a physical difference between flightless and flight birds
flightless have smaller pectoralis muscles
278
what is the one flightless bird that has strong pectoralis muscles
penguins (muscles for swimming)
279
Passeriformes (passerines)
Specialized feet for perching birds
280
What is true about chordata
All chordates are vert
are deuterostomia
The only invert is cephalochordata
All verts have true vert
deuterostomia
281
What is the derived characters of chordates is found along the digestive tube that extend from mouth to anus
pharyngeal slits/clefts
282
which is false about myxini
mostly bottom dwellers
make slime to repel competitors
rudimentary vert
jawed
jawed
283
C,ass of cartilaginous fish that is large & sucessful predator in aquatic environment
chondrichthyes
284
What 2 reasons do sharks consistently swim
prevent sinking since neg buoyant
Constant water flow for gass exchange
285
Wat class is coelacanths
sarcopterygii
286
What class is tailed amphibians
urodela
287
what disappears in frog metamorphisis
gills
288
what 2 reasons do amphibians live in damp habitats
moist skin for respiration
eggs dehydrate
289
Which of the following is the most inclusive term for an organism that obtains organic food material by eating other organisms or substances derived from them?
autotroph
290
A mutualism is an ecological relationship between two species
that both benefit from the relationship.
291
A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus?
Look for cell walls under a microscope
292
One of the characteristics unique to animals is
gastrulation
293
Which of the following characteristics is unique to animals?
nervous system signal conduction
294
Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. Which of the following distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy?
most animals derive their nutrition by ingesting materials
295
Which of the following characteristics is common to all known animals?
Animals are multicellular.
296
Which of the following organisms is most likely classified as something other than an animal?
sponge
jelly
coral
choanoflagellate
choanoflagellate
297
Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the __________.
germ layers
298
Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity?
earthworm
mouse
flatworm
clam
nematode
flatworm
299
during embryological development, the anus forms before the mouth in __________.
Chordates
300
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of
tissues
301
Which tissue type or organ is correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?
stomach-mesoderm
nervous-mesoderm
skin-ectoderm
muscular-ectoderm
skin-ectoderm
302
What do many organisms with deuterostome development have in common?
The blastopore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
303
If an organism exhibits a head with sensory structures, which of the following characteristics would it likely also exhibit?
it is bilaterally symmetrical
304
Which of the following characteristics represents the oldest branch point in animal phylogeny?
radial or bilateral symmetry
a body cavity or no body cavity
true tissues or no tissues
diploblastic or triploblastic embryos
true tissues or no tissues
305
Which of the following statements is correct regarding animal body plans?
mutations have arisen that allow only some shapes to be produced
animals evolve according to a pre-ordained plan
the body plans we see now have been evolutionarily advantageous compared to others in the past
organisms direct their own evolution in order to maximize their success
the body plans we see now have been evolutionarily advantageous compared to others in the past
306
What is the primary difference between a coelom and a hemocoel?
their developmental origin
307
Each of the following statements describes characteristics of animals except for one. Which statement about animals is incorrect?
they have tissues, organs, and organ systems
they are eukaryotes
they are all multicellular
they ingest their food
they are heterotrophic
they have tissues, organs, and organ systems
308
Which of the following statements is correct?
All animals share a common ancestor.
Eumetazoans have three embryonic tissue layers.
Sponges are diploblastic animals.
The origin of all extant animal phyla can be traced to the Cambrian explosion.
Most animal phyla belong to the clade Radiata
All animals share a common ancestor.
309
Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is accurate?
In the kingdom Animalia, most clades based on body plan confirm clades based on molecular data.
Kingdom Animalia is polyphyletic.
Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.
Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.
310
Which of the following statements regarding the diversification of animals is supported by the current available evidence?
sponges are a paraphyletic group of organisms
animals descended from multiple ancestors
ctenophores are basal metazoans
most animals belong to the clade Bilateria
most animals belong to the clade Bilateria
311
Which of the following statements about bilaterian animals is true?
All bilaterians are triploblastic (have three germ layers).
312
A hemocoel refers to a
functional body cavity lined by tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm
313
The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is __________.
Porifera
314
Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians?
anus
bilateral symmetry
mesoderm
gastrovascular cavity
radula
gastrovascular cavity
315
Which sponge cell is most structurally and functionally similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?
choanocyte
316
f you brush your fingers along the tentacles of a sea anemone, which of the following are you most likely to find upon microscopic examination of your fingers?
nematocysts
317
what mollusc group is suspension feeders
bivalves
318
Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes?
They are all parasitic.
They are dorsoventrally flattened.
They typically reproduce asexually.
They are diploblastic.
They are radially symmetrical.
They are dorsoventrally flattened.
319
Some species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction is described as __________.
parthenogenesis
320
Members of the phylum Mollusca __________.
are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell
have tentacles surrounding a central mouth/anus
have closed circulatory systems
have segmented bodies and paired, jointed appendages
are filter feeders
are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell
321
Which of the following statements is true of annelids?
They have pseudocoeloms.
They have an open circulatory system.
They have a gastrovascular cavity.
They perform gas exchange across their skin.
They have a nerve net.
They perform gas exchange across their skin.
322
h structure do sea slugs use to feed on their prey?
radula
323
Which of the following characteristics of parasites explains how parasitism has become so widespread among living organisms?
Parasites do not generally kill their hosts; thus they can feed on the same host throughout the host's normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers.
324
Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body?
Arthropoda
325
Which of the following statements applies to both nematodes and arthropods?
have ciliated larvae
develop an anus from the blastopore (pore) formed in the gastrula stage
are parasites
grow in conjunction with shedding of their exoskeleton
grow in conjunction with shedding of their exoskeleton
326
Which of the following characteristics of their exoskeletons is exhibited by both arthropods and molluscs?
they help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats
they completely replace the hydrostatic skeleton
they are comprised of the polysaccharide chitin
they are secreted by the mantle
they help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats
327
Which of the following characteristics do all insects exhibit?
they have jointed appendages and spicules
they have jointed appendages and a radula
they undergo complete metamorphosis and have segmented bodies
they have an exoskeleton or cuticle
hey have an exoskeleton or cuticle
328
Which of the following senses would be most directly affected by removing or damaging an insect's antennae?
smelling
329
The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a hemocoel, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong?
Nematoda
330
A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. What other characteristic is most likely present in this organism?
an open circulatory system
331
describing nematodes.
Select all that apply.
Nematodes lack a circulatory system and circular body wall muscles.
Some nematodes play important roles in nutrient cycling.
All nematodes live in soil.
Nematodes lack a circulatory system and circular body wall muscles.
Some nematodes play important roles in nutrient cycling.
332
Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans?
snails
earthworms
sea stars
jellies
ants
sea stars
333
The water vascular system of echinoderms functions in ____&_____
locomotion and feeding.
334
Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is correct?
Nematodaminusroundworms, internal skeleton
Echinodermataminusradial symmetry as a larva, coelom
Poriferaminusgastrovascular cavity, coelom
Platyhelminthesminusflatworms, gastrovascular cavity, no body cavity
Platyhelminthesminusflatworms, gastrovascular cavity, no body cavity
335
Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic?
Nematoda
Mollusca
Crustacea
Echinodermata
Echinodermata
336
Which of the following statements best describes the overall process of descent with modification?
Similarity between two species results from genetic drift in small populations.
Natural selection leads to the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.
Similarity between two species results from convergent evolution.
A trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor.
A trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor.
337
All of the following represent diagnostic features of chordates except for which one?
pharyngeal slits or clefts
notochord
a muscular, post-anal tail
a hollow dorsal nerve cord
vertebrae
vertebrae
338
Which of the following chordates is most likely to look the least like other chordates?
embryonic human
adult human
adult tunicate
larval tunicate
lancelet
adult tunicate
339
Adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them. What is the function of notochords in larval urochordates?
they aid in swimming
340
If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were blocked by a foreign object, which of the following processes would the organism have trouble performing?
respiring and feeding
341
In early chordates, the primitive pharyngeal slits carried out which of the following functions?
suspension-feeding devices
342
Which extant chordates are most like the earliest chordates in appearance?
lancelets
343
Which of the following groups includes the greatest number of organisms?
lobe-fins
osteichthyans
gnathostomes
amphibians
gnathostomes
344
Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?
jaws
a well-developed notochord
a rasping tongue
paired fins
a well-developed notochord
345
jaws evolved __________.
by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal slits
from arthropod jaws
from the rasping tongue
from the bony armor in ancient jawless fish
by modification of middle ear bones
by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal slits
346
Which of following reproductive strategies in mammals involves the mother laying eggs that hatch outside of her body?
asexual reproduction
ovoviviparous reproduction
oviparous reproduction
viviparous reproduction
oviparous reproduction
347
In a typical ray-finned fish, the swim bladder allows individuals to perform which of the following processes?
remain neutrally buoyant
348
Which structure in a shark is closest in function to a swim bladder in a ray-finned fish?
its liver
349
If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?
operculum
350
Which of these structures would most likely have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?
a spiral valve intestine
a mineralized, bony skeleton
opercula
a swim bladder
a mineralized, bony skeleton
351
Most members of which of the following groups are most closely associated with a wet (or moist) environment?
pterosaurs
dinosaurs
amphibians
mammals
birds
amphibians
352
Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you found a chordate with a long, slender, limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent. The organism is most likely ________.
an amphibian
353
Which of the following was a trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods?
the appearance of jaws
feet with digits
the mineralization of the endoskeleton
the amniotic egg
feet with digits
354
hich of the following is most likely a characteristic of the earliest tetrapod fossils?
they show evidence of internal fertilization
they indicate limited adaptation to life on land
they show evidence of having produced shelled eggs
they feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws
they indicate limited adaptation to life on land
355
What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?
Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction.
356
Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?
amnion
357
Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?
endothermy
amniotic eggs
bone
jaws
endothermy
358
Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?
endothermy
terrestrial habitat
ectothermy
amniotic egg
endothermy
359
Which of these groups of organisms are amniotes?
turtles
fishes
lungfish
amphibians
turtles
360
Which of these characteristics contributed the most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?
a four-chambered heart
the shelled, amniotic egg
the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
two pairs of appendages
the shelled, amniotic egg
361
Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?
crocodiles
birds
tuataras
lizards
birds
362
Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. Select the appropriate pair.
the marsupials and the eutherians
the cyclostomes and the gnathostomes
the chordates and the tetrapods
the urochordates and the cephalochardates
he cyclostomes and the gnathostomes
363
There are shared ________ that control animal development, particularly the development of body development and structures
hox genes
364
crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth of an animal that function in
feeding are called ________
lophophores
365
Which clade in Phylum Mollusca includes clams and oysters?
Bivalvia
366
What is the only clade of echinoderms where animals are attached to a substrate
via a stalk
Crinoidea
367
Sea stars are echinoderms that fall within clade ________
Asteroidea
368
t/f All vertebrates are chordates
True
369
Jawed vertebrates are referred to as _______
Gnathostomes
370
Perching birds are known as ________
Passerines
371
______________ are the only living cephalopods with external shells
Chambered nautiluses
372
Which one of these mollusc groups is classified as suspension feeders?
Bivalves
373
ome species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction
is described as __________
budding
374
t/f Bilateral animals are diploblastic
F: can be diplo or triplo
375
Cephalochordates represent the ________. They have a bladelike shape
Lancelets
376
Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades.
he cyclostomes and the gnathostomes
377
Which of these groups of organisms are amniotes?
fishes
lungfish
turtles
amphibians
turtles
