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bio exam 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Catabolic

A

Released energy stored in chemical bonds

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1
Q

Anabolic

A

Input of energy

Stores in chemical bonds

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2
Q

Energy

A

Potential

Kinetic

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3
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy transformation

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4
Q

Entropy

A

Energy transfer of energy increases the entropy of the universe

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5
Q

Free energy

A

The energy avalaible to so work ( usable energy)

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6
Q

Total energy

A

Usable energy plus unusable energy

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7
Q

Enthoy (H)

A

Total energy

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8
Q

Free energy (G)

A

Usable energy

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9
Q

Entropy (S) x Temp (T)

A

Unusable energy

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10
Q

If G=H-TS

A

Change in (triangle) G= T(change in) S

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11
Q

So H=g+TS

A

G=h-TS

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12
Q

Negative (G<0)

A

Free energy is released (exergonic)

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13
Q

Positive (G>0)

A

Free energy is consumed

Enndergonic reaction

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14
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Release free energy = exergonic

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15
Q

Anabolic

A

Consume free energy = enderfonic

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16
Q

ATP

A

Captures and transfers free energy

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17
Q

Phosphorylate

A

ATP can donate phosphate groups to other molecules the transfer if free energy

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18
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

ATP+H20

A

Adp+P+ free energy

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19
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Releases energy
Cell respiration
carabolisim

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20
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Requires energy
Active transport
Cell movements
Anabolism

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21
Q

Transport work

A

ATP phosphorylates transport proteins

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22
Q

Mechanical work

A

ATP binds noncovalently to moot proteins and this is hydrolyze a

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23
Q

Catalyst

A

Speed up rate of chemical reactions

Enzymes

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24
Activation energy
Exergonic reactions can be slow because if an energy barrier | Amount of energy requires to start the reaction (E)
25
Activation Energy
Enzymes lower the activation energy by bringing reactants together
26
Uncatalyst activation energy
Takes longer
27
Catalyst activation energy
Activation energy with enzyme is lower
28
Enzymes can strech
The bonds in substrate molecules, making them unstable
29
Enzymes can temporarily
Add chemical groups to substrates (makes substrate more chemically reactive)
30
Every enzyme is most active at a certain
Ph (Influences functional groups -Tempuratyre- if too high bonds break enzymes denature
31
IsoZymes
Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different properties (Optimal temperature)
32
Organsim is can use isozymes
To adjust to temperature changes
33
Cofactors
Nonprotein enzyme helpers
34
Coenzyme
Organic cofactors | Includes vitamins
35
Enzyme inhibitors
Molecules that bind to the enzyme and slow reaction rates | Regulate matabolisim
36
Competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors
Can be reversible (temporarily binds- common in organisms) or irreversible ( common in artificial )
37
Irreversible inhibitor
Permanently inactivated enzymes
38
Competitive inhibitor
Similar to natural substrate Competes for binding site When concentration of competitive inhibitor is reduced, it detaches from the active site
39
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Bind to the enzyme at a site other than the active site - enzyme changes shape, natural substrate cannot "fit" Detaches when concentration is reduced
40
Allosteric Regulation
May inhibit or stimulate enzymes activity -activator- stabilizes active form Inhibitor- stabilizes inactive form (4 leaf clover)
41
Feedback inhibition
The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway Prevents waste of resources
42
Cellular respiration (Aerobic)
Complete oxidation Waste product -h20, C02 Net energy- 32 ATP
43
Fermentation (anaerobic)
Incomplete oxidation Waste products- lactic or ethonal and CO2 Net energy-2
44
Fuels
Organic compounds whose stored energy can be released for use -glucose
45
Glucose- exergonic-ATP
C6H12o6---6CO2 +6H20+energy | Exergonic
46
Reduction
Gain of one or more electron
47
Oxidation
Loss of one or more electrons
48
Cellular respiration 4 stages
Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Citrix acid cycle Oxidative phaophorylayion
49
Energy pay off
Glucose uses 2 ATP to make 2 pyruvate+ H20=ATP 4Atp formed - 2ATP used= 2 ATP 2NAD+4e+4H+= 2nadh +2h+
50
Energy investment phase
Uses 2atp to start | 6 o2
51
Pyruvate oxidation
Links glylysis to Citric acid cycle Pyruvate gets converted to 2 acetyl Coenzyme A 2 nad+ comes and gets it's electrons transport protein comes and takes 2 carbon
52
Citric acid cycle 1
input- acetyl CoA, water and electron | Carriers NAD+, FAD, GDP
53
Citric acid cycle 2
Energy released is captured by adp and electron carriers 3 nad+, Fad, and GDP
54
citric acid cycle 3
``` Outputs 4 Co2 1ATP 3NADH 1FADH2 Per glucose molecule ```
55
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain | Chrismioamosis
56
Nash and fadh2
Transport electrons to the electron transport chain In cristae Output 6 water , 32 ATP ,6 c02
57
Fermentation
Without o2 fermentation follows glyoloysis Substrate level phosphorylation forms smaller amounts of ATp Occurs I cytoplasm
58
Two types of fermentation
Alcohol | Lactic acid
59
Alcohol fermentation
Input - 2 pyruvate, loses 2 carbon and Evonne's 2 acetaldehyde, 2nad+, 2adp Ethanol end product C6 H12 o6 +2 Adp + 2 p = 2 ethanol + 2co2 + 2 ATP
60
Lactic acid fermentation
Occurs In microorganisms and some muscle cells Input - 2 pyruvate ,2nad+2adp Output 2atp. And 2 lactic acid Yogurt cheese ,3 carbon
61
Cam plants use
Crawsulacean acid matabolisim to fixate carbon

Biology (5 decks)

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