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exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and mass

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1
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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2
Q

Compound

A

Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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3
Q

Essential elements

A

20-25% of elements that an organsim needs to live a healthy life and reproduce

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4
Q

Trace elements

A

Required by an organism in only minute quantities

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5
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

Protons and neutrons Are packed together rightly in a dense core at the center of an atom

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6
Q

Dalton

A

Unit of measurement honor of john dalton

- the atomic mass is measured in Dalton’s and is roughly equal to the mass number

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7
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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8
Q

Mass number

A

Sum of protons and nuetrons

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9
Q

Atomic mass

A

Approximation of the total mass of an atom

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

Same protons different neutrons

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11
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

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12
Q

Half-life

A

Time it takes for 50%!+~ the parent isotope to decay

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13
Q

Rediometric dating

A

Scientist measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculator how many half lives have passed since an organsim im was fossilized or a rock was formed

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14
Q

Energy

A

Defined as the capacity to cause change

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15
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that matter possesses because of it’s location or structure

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16
Q

Valence electrons

A

Outer electrons

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17
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost electron shell

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18
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Atoms staying close together held by attractions

-strongest kinds of chemical bonds are covalent and ionic bonds

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19
Q

Covalent bond

A

The sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

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20
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bonds

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21
Q

Single bond

A

A pair of shared electrons ( 1 line)

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22
Q

Double bond

A

Sharing two pairs of valence electrons

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23
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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24
Non polar covalent bond
Electrons are shared equally because the tel atoms when the same Electronegativity
25
Polar covalent
Bonds vary in their polarity depending on the relative Electronegativity of the two atoms ( partial energy)
26
Ions
The two resulting oppositely charged atoms or molecules (stole electron)
27
Cation
Positively charged ion
28
Anion
Negatively charged ion
29
Ionic bond
Any two ions of opposite charge
30
Ionic compounds or salts
Compounds formed by ionic bonds
31
Van see waals interactions
Individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together Occur between transiently positive and negative regions of molecules
32
Chemical reactions
The making and breaking of chemical bonds,leading to changes in the composition of matter
33
Reactants and products
When we write a chemical reaction , we use an arrow to indicate the conversion of the starting materials called the reactants to the products
34
Hydrogen bond
An attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom
35
Chemical reactants
Change reactants into products while conserving matter
36
Chemical equilibrium
Reached when the flawed and reserve reaction rates are equal
37
Cohesion
Water sticks to water - make water more structured - many molecules linked by multiple hydrogen bonds
38
Adhesion
The clinging of one substance to another
39
Surface tension
Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid -related to cohesion
40
Kinetic energy
The energy of motion
41
Thermal energy
The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
42
Temperature
Measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter, regardless of volume,where as the total thermal energy depends in part on the matters volume
43
Heat
Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
44
Calorie (cal)
One convienient unit of hear used in this book
45
Specific heat
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change it's temperature by 1C
46
Heat of vaporization
The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
47
Evaporating cooling
Occurs because the hottest molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as gas.
48
Molecular mass
Sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule
49
Mole
Represents an exact number if objects 6.02X10^23 which is called Avogadro's number
50
Molarity
The number of miles of solute per liter of solution is the unit of concentration most often used by bioloagist for aqueous solitons
51
Hydrogen ion
A single proton with a charge of 1+
52
Hydroxide Ion
Water molecule that lost a proton | -1 charge
53
Hydronium ion
The proton binds to the other water molecule
54
Base
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
55
Buffer
Substance that minimizes changes in Thr concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
56
Ocean acidification
When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to from carbonic acid, which lowers ocean ph
57
Solution
A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
58
Solvent
The dissolving agent of a solution
59
Solute
Substance that is dissolved
60
Aqueous solution
One in which the solute is dissolved in water ; water is the solvent
61
Hydrogen shell
The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
62
Hydrophilic
Any substance that has an affinity for waster is said to by this
63
Emergent properties
Due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
64
System biology
The exploration of a biological system by analyzing the intersections along it's parts
65
Eukaryotic cell
Contains membranes enclosed | Oraganells (bigger)
66
Prokaryotic
Lacks a nucleus or other membrane enclose organella
67
Gene
Each section do the DNA of a chomsome
68
Gene expression
The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product
69
Genome
The entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
70
Bioinformatics
The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods.
71
Bacteria
Diverse and widespread prokaryotics
72
Arches
Love in earths extream environments such as salty lakes boiling hot springs
73
Eukarya
Kingdom plantae, fungi, animal is and protist
74
Protists
Unicellular eukaryotes
75
Inquiry
A search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
76
Inductive reasoning
Generalizations from a large number of specific observations
77
Deductive reasoning
From general we extrapolate to the specific results
78
Variables
Both the factor that is manipulated and the effects that are measured are types of experimental variables , factors that vary in an experiment
79
Controlled experiment
Designed to compare an experimental group with a control group
80
Independent variable
Factor that is manipulated by the researcher
81
Dependent variable
Factor that is measured in the experiment
82
Theory
General enough topspin off many new specific hypothesis | Supported by greater body of evidence
83
Model organism
A species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigated
84
The 5 themes
``` Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution ```
85
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
86
Isomers
Compounds that have the same number if atoms of the same elements but different structure and hence different properties.
87
Structural isomers
Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
88
CIA-trams isomers (geometric)
Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms , but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements did to the I flexibility of double bonds.
89
Enantiomers
Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric Carbon, one that is attached to 4 different atoms or group of atoms.
90
Functional groups
Chemical groups are directly involve in chemical reactions
91
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Organic molecule attached to a string of there phosphate groups
92
H30
Hydronium
93
Hydroxide
OH- ( lost proton)

Biology (5 decks)

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