Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

bio final > bio final > Flashcards

bio final Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

relative fitness

A

contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

origin of species

A

a work of scientific literature by charles darwin that is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

evolutionary

A

descent with modification, the idea that living species are descendents of ancestrial species that were different from presentday ones, aledo, the genetic changes in a population from gen to gen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size. Typically the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

theory

A

widley accepted explanatory idea that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypothesis, generates new hypothesis, and is supported by a large body of evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

genetic variation

A

the presence of differences in gene sequences between organisms of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

population

A

group pf individuals belonging to one species that live in the same geographic area and can potentially interbreed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

darwinism

A

theory of evolution that states that organisms change over time through natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

darwin

A

english naturalist, geologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes tends to preserve variation in gene pools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the forelimbs of humans and whales are an example of?

A

homologous structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

directional selection

A

natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotype range survive and reproduce more successfully than do other individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

artificial selection

A

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurance of desirable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection in which individuals w/ certain inherited traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stabilizing selection

A

natural selection that favors intermediate varients by acting againts extream phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

balancing selection

A

natural selection that maintains stable frequences of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

microeveolution

A

change in a populations gene pool over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

disruptive selection

A

natural selection in which individuals on both extreams of a phenotipc range are favored over intermediate phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

charles darwin made critical observations about the diversity of life when he visited?

A

the galapagoes islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

paleontoligists

A

a scientist who studies fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

gene pool

A

all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all memebers of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

homologies

A

similarity in characters resulting from a shared ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vestigial structures

A

a feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served an important function in the organisms ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sexual dismorphism

A

marked differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
gene flow
transfer of alleles from one population to another as a result of the movement of individuals or their gametes
26
molecular biology
study of biological structures, functions, and hereditary at the molecular level
27
mutations
change in genetic information of a cell the ultimate source of genetic diversity A mutation also can occure in the DNA and RNA of a virus
28
natural selection
process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals that do not have those traits
29
phylogenetic trees
branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, useful for tracking biological diversity at all levels
30
strata
rock layer formed when a new layer of sediment covers an older one and compresses it.
31
fossils
a preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.
32
diploidy
in an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n cell
33
fossil record
chronical of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata
34
genetic drift
change in the gene pool of a population due to change. effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations
35
founder effect
genetic drift that occures when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and from a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of that of the original population
36
types of natural selection
directional, stabilizing, disruptive, diversifying, sexual, divergent
37
homologous structures
structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry (structuraly simmular but can be functionally different)
38
What is natural selection, and how does it contribute to evolution?
Natural selection is the process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
39
How do adaptations arise, and what role do they play in survival and reproduction?
Adaptations are traits that improve an organism's survival and reproduction in its environment, arising through natural selection.
40
What key ideas did Charles Darwin present in The Origin of Species?
In The Origin of Species, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, describing how species evolve over time through inherited changes.
41
What are fossils, and how do they provide evidence for evolution?
Fossils are the preserved remains or imprints of organisms from the past, providing direct evidence of evolutionary change.
42
How does the fossil record support the theory of evolutionary change over time?
The fossil record is a chronological collection of fossils in rock layers, showing how organisms have evolved over time.
43
What are homologous structures, and how do they demonstrate common ancestry?
Homologous structures are physical features shared by species due to common ancestry, even if their functions differ (e.g., human arms and bat wings).
44
What is molecular homology, and why is it significant in understanding evolution?
Molecular homology refers to the shared genetic coding systems (like DNA and RNA) among organisms, pointing to a common ancestor.
45
How do embryonic homologies provide insight into shared evolutionary history?
Embryonic homologies are similarities in the developmental stages of embryos across different species, indicating shared ancestry.
46
What are vestigial structures, and what do they reveal about an organism’s evolutionary past?
Vestigial structures are remnants of features that served important functions in ancestors but are no longer useful (e.g., human appendix).
47
What is a phylogenetic tree, and what does it represent?
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among species, showing common ancestors and divergence.
48
How are phylogenetic trees constructed, and what types of data are used to support them?
Phylogenetic trees are constructed using data from homologous structures, fossil evidence, and molecular (genetic) similarities.
49
How does natural selection differ from artificial selection?
Natural selection is driven by environmental factors, while artificial selection involves human intervention to select desired traits.
50
Why is natural selection described as lacking a predetermined direction?
Natural selection lacks direction because it is based on random mutations and environmental pressures, not a predetermined goal.
51
What factors influence the traits favored by natural selection?
Traits favored by natural selection depend on their contribution to an organism’s survival and reproductive success in its specific environment.
52
Why is genetic variation important for evolution?
Genetic variation is crucial for evolution as it provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon.
53
What are the primary sources of genetic variation within populations?
Mutations and sexual reproduction are the primary sources of genetic variation, introducing new alleles and reshuffling existing ones.
54
What is a population in biological terms?
A population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed.
55
What is a gene pool, and how does it relate to population evolution?
A gene pool is the collection of all alleles in a population, representing its genetic diversity.
56
What is microevolution, and how is it observed in populations?
Microevolution refers to small-scale changes in allele frequencies within a population over generations, often due to natural selection or genetic drift.
57
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and under what conditions does it occur?
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a population where allele frequencies remain constant, assuming no evolution occurs under specific conditions (e.g., no mutations, random mating, no selection).
58
What do 𝑝 p and 𝑞 q represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, q p represents the frequency of the dominant allele, and 𝑞 q represents the frequency of the recessive allele.
59
How are the genotypic frequencies 𝑝^2, 2pq, and q^2 calculated?
The genotypic frequencies are calculated as follows: p^2 for homozygous dominant, 2pq for heterozygous, and 𝑞^2 for homozygous recessive individuals.
60
What is genetic drift, and how does it differ from natural selection?
Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of allele frequencies in small populations, independent of natural selection.
61
What is the bottleneck effect, and how does it impact genetic diversity?
The bottleneck effect occurs when a population’s size is drastically reduced by a catastrophe, leading to reduced genetic diversity.
62
What is the founder effect, and how does it influence new populations?
The founder effect occurs when a small group establishes a new population, leading to limited genetic variation compared to the original population.
63
What is gene flow, and how does it occur between populations?
Gene flow is the exchange of alleles between populations through migration or gamete transfer.
64
How does gene flow counteract genetic drift and promote variation?
Gene flow introduces new alleles and reduces differences between populations, counteracting genetic drift.
65
What is relative fitness, and how is it measured in evolutionary terms?
Relative fitness measures an individual’s contribution to the gene pool of the next generation compared to others.
66
How does relative fitness influence the gene pool of a population?
It influences a population’s evolution by favoring traits that increase reproductive success and survival.
67
What is disruptive selection, and how does it affect population traits?
Disruptive selection favors extreme traits, creating divergence within a population.
68
How does stabilizing selection reduce extremes in trait variations?
Stabilizing selection favors intermediate traits, reducing variation and eliminating extremes.
69
What is directional selection, and when does it occur?
Directional selection favors traits on one end of the spectrum, shifting the population's traits in one direction.
70
What is sexual selection, and how does it differ from natural selection?
Sexual selection occurs when individuals with certain traits are more likely to obtain mates, influencing evolution.
71
What is sexual dimorphism, and what causes it?
Sexual dimorphism refers to physical differences between males and females of a species, often resulting from sexual selection.
72
How does diploidy preserve genetic variation in populations?
Diploidy allows populations to maintain genetic variation by carrying recessive alleles that may become advantageous later.
73
What is balancing selection, and how does it maintain multiple phenotypes?
Balancing selection preserves multiple phenotypes in a population through mechanisms like heterozygote advantage or frequency-dependent selection.
74
What is the heterozygote advantage, and why is it significant in evolution?
Heterozygote advantage occurs when heterozygous individuals have greater fitness than either homozygous type, helping maintain genetic diversity.
75
What traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
76
What evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms _____
77
What must be true of any organ described as vestigial?
78
What MUST exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?
79
Individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele, and are resistant to malaria are an example of______
80
Human child birth weight being optimal in the intermediate range is an example of ______
81

bio final (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions