Bio Final

Question 1

alive v not alive characteristics

Answer 1

grow, reproduce, respond to stimulus

Question 2

descent with modification

Answer 2

species change over time through passing of traits from parent organisms to their offspring

Question 3

Steps/processes of science

Answer 3

1. observe
2. hypothesize
3. experiment
4. conclusion

Question 4

Hypothesis

Answer 4

educated guess or prediction about how or why something works, based on facts

Question 5

Hydrogen bond defention

Answer 5

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from electrostatic attraction between a proton and an electronegative atom

Question 6

properties of water

Answer 6

high specific heat, universal solvent, cohesion, hydrogen bonds, polar, and surface tension

Question 7

Buffers

Answer 7

help maintain stable pH by either donating or accepting H+ ions

Question 8

hydrocarbon

Answer 8

compound containing hydrogen and carbon

Question 9

4 macromolecules

Answer 9

lipids - fats, storage
nucleic acids - stores and transfers info
proteins - structure, enzyme movement, defense, transport
carbohydrates - stores energy, provides fuel

Question 10

3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 10

sugars: simple, most basic form
Starch: complex, made of lots of simple sugars
fiber: complex carbohydrate

Question 11

starch v cellulose

Answer 11

starch - branched structure, store energy in plants
cellulose - linear structure, structure and support in plant cell wall

Question 12

saturated v unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 12

saturated: no kinks, tightly packed, solid at room temp (butter)
nonsaturated: kinks, more fluid, liquid at room temp (olive oil)

Question 13

functions of proteins

Answer 13

structural support
transport
enzymes
signalling
cell communication
defense

Question 14

chemical components of nucleic acid

Answer 14

sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), phosphate group and nitrogen containing base (A, G, C, T or U)

Question 15

3 types of cytoskeleton components

Answer 15

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

Question 16

Microtubules

Answer 16

made of tubullin
cilia and flagela
originate in the centrosome

Question 17

Intermediate fillaments

Answer 17

made of keratin
anchor and structure

Question 18

microfillaments

Answer 18

made of actin
muscle contractions
cytoplasmic streaming
cell shape

Question 19

Active Transport

Answer 19

primary
secondary
vesicles: endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Question 20

Passive Transport

Answer 20

diffusion:
osmosis
simple
facilitated: aqauporins, channel mediated, carrier mediated

Question 21

endomembrane system

Answer 21

rough ER - protein synthesis
smooth ER - lipid synthesis
vesicles - transport

Question 22

function of mitochondria

Answer 22

nutrients to energy

consists of: outer membrane, inter-membrane space, inner membrane, matrix w/ DNA and ribosomes

Question 23

relationship between microtubules, centrioles, and centrosome

Answer 23

centrosome made up of centrioles which are made of microtubules

Question 24

4 types of cell junctions

Answer 24

gap junctions: direct communication between cells
desmosome: velcro (with stand high stress)
tight junction: no leaks!!!!
plasmodesmata:

Question 25

3 Stages of Cell signalling

Answer 25

1) reception - recognize signalling molecule 2) transduction - convert original signal into form that triggers a response (relay molecule!) 3) response: triggers activity

Question 26

G protein coupled receptor v ligan gated ion channel

Answer 26

g protein: signalling molecule does not enter the cell ion channel: signalling molecule opens a channel for the ions

Question 27

phosphorylation cascade

Answer 27

protein kinase: transfer phosphate group, phosphorylation, activate protein phosphate: remove phosphate group, deactivate

Question 28

local signaling

Answer 28

paracrine and synapsis (fast, very accurate)

Question 29

long distance signaling

Answer 29

endocrine - hormones (slower, less accurate)

Question 30

3 kinds of cellular work

Answer 30

chemical mechanical transport

Question 31

competitive inhibition

Answer 31

blocks the active site

Question 32

non-competitive inhibition

Answer 32

binds somewhere else on the enzyme, denaturing the active site

Question 33

allosteric inhibition

Question 34

Mendle

Answer 34

figured out how genetic information is passed down in discrete packages ( not a blend)

Question 35

mendels law of segregation

Answer 35

only one of two gene copies is present in the egg cell

Question 36

incomplete dominance

Answer 36

mix (ex. red and white flower make pink)

Question 37

co-dominance

Answer 37

each trait shows through independently

Question 38

pleiotrpy

Answer 38

single gene effects multiple traits

Question 39

epistasis

Answer 39

expression of one gene interferes with the expression of another (ex. dogs )

Question 40

polygenic inheritance

Answer 40

multiple genes work together to control a trait

Question 41

genetic engineering

Answer 41

deliberate modifications by altering the genetic code

Question 42

what checks for errors?

Answer 42

polymerase, reads after making it and corrects any mistakes it finds

Question 43

Nucleic acid hybridization

Answer 43

a molecular biology technique where single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) with complementary base sequences bind together to form a double-stranded molecule

Question 44

plasmid

Answer 44

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.

Question 45

restriction enzymes and clonning

Answer 45

uses DNA restriction enzymes to cut a vector and an insert at specific locations so they can be easily joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create recombinant DNA.

Question 46

central dogma

Answer 46

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

Question 47

mRNA

Answer 47

provides the template

Question 48

tRNA

Answer 48

carries amino acids and reads the genetic code

Question 49

rRNA

Answer 49

transfers information from mRNA into the amino acid chain

Question 50

cooperativity

Answer 50

when actual substrate binding influences further binding in other active sites

Question 51

3 phases of the Calvin Cycle

Answer 51

1) carbon fixation - CO2 and rubisco come together 2) reduction - of ATP and NADPH 3) Regeneration - ATP and RuBP prepare to accept CO2 again

Question 52

photorespiration

Answer 52

when Rubisco confuses O2 for CO2 (creates waste product!!)