Bio G.10 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Cell Parts
Cell Membrane
A
Forms protective barrier around cells. Semi-permeable
(only some sub. can move across, and via diffusion or osmosis)
In plants and animals
2
Q
Cell Parts
Cytoplasm
A
Jelly-like substance that suspends organelles in cell. Allows nutrients and organelles to move within cell.
In both
3
Q
Cell Parts
Nucleus
A
Control center of cell. Determines all cell activities (ie. growth and reproduction)
4
Q
Cell Parts
Nuclear envelope / Nuclear Membrane
A
A membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Contains pores to allow transport of material.
In both
5
Q
Cell Parts
Nucelolus
A
Contains most of the cell’s DNA. Manufactures ribosome parts.
In both
6
Q
Cell Parts
Vacuole
A
Stores wastes and other substances used by the cell. * In plants, a central vacuole (*large) stores water.
In both, but diff
7
Q
Cell Parts
Vesicle
A
Stores and transports substances throughout cell.
Golgi is a major site of vesicle formation, endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane can also generate vesicles.
8
Q
Cell Parts
Mitochondria
A
Supply energy ATP for the cell. Powerhouse. Chemical reactions in mitochondria convert sugar into useful energy.
In both, and organisms who need more energy have more of these
9
Q
Cell Parts
Lysosomes
A
The clean-up system. Responsible for digestion, breaking down bacteria, damaged organelles. Filled with enzymes to speed digestion.
In both
10
Q
Cell Parts
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
A
Carries material throughout the cell. Associated with making proteins. Has ribosomes on it. Helps transport of proteins to golgi.
In both
11
Q
Cell Parts
Ribosomes
A
Sites where proteins are assembled. Ribosomes can be attached to RER or float fleely in cytoplasm.
In both
12
Q
Cell Parts
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER
A
Produces fats and oils. Does not have ribosomes.
In both
13
Q
Cell Parts
Golgi Apparatus
A
Receives protein from rough ER. Modifies, sorts, packages them for delivery in/out. Pinches off to form vesicles.
In both
14
Q
Cell Parts
Cytoskeleton
A
An internal network of fibers made up of protein filaments. Helps maintain cell’s shape.
In both
15
Q
Cell Parts
Centriole
A
Structures involved in cell division (CD). Help form the spindle fibers in CD.
In animal only!
16
Q
Cell Parts
Chloroplasts
A
Contains chlorophyll, uses photosynthesis to convert CO2 & H2O into sugar and oxygen. Using the sun’s energy.
In plant only!
17
Q
Cell Parts
Cell Wall
A
Provides strength, protection, support, & structure to cell.
In plant only!
18
Q
L7
Why multicellular organisms are made of specialized cells ?
A
Specific functions. Specialized cells rely on each other to perform essential survival tasks.
Single-celled organisms function indep. and perform all taks within 1 ce
19
Q
L7
Hierarchy
(in acc hierarchy, the least complex are @ bottom, & most complex @ top)
A
- Cellular: simplest level
- Tissue: many cells
- Organ: diff tissues (2+)
- Organ system: multiple organs/structures
- Organism: several working organ systems
20
Q
L7 Definitions
Cells
A
A group of organelles that function together to perform specialized task.
Ex: nerve cell (a specialized cell) for the eye
21
Q
L7 Definitions
Tissue
A
A group of cells that work together to perform a specialized task.
Ex: nervous tissue that forms around eye retina
22
Q
L7 Definitions
Organs
A
Body structures that perform specific functions. Help organism perceive and respond to environment changes -> increase survival chances
23
Q
L7 Definitions
Organ System
A
Groups of organs that work together to perform a specific, complex function within the body.
Humans have 11 systems
24
Q
L7 Definitions
Organism
What are its functions?
A
Functions of growing, most obtain oxygen, nutrients, repairing damage, reproducing, eliminating waste, responding to environment.
Only anaerobes dont obtain oxygen
25
# L7
Whats in common between all multicellular organisms?
Perform the same basic functions, regardless of anything
| Anything = appearance, behaviour, habitat
26
# L7 - Types of tissues
Epithelial tissue
Thin sheets of tightly packed cells covering surfaces and lining internal organs.
**Function: Protection from dehydration, barrier, etc**
| Ex: skin, lining of digestive system, etc
27
# L7 - Types of tissues
Connective tissue
Various types of cells & fibres held tg by a matrix
**Function: support, insulation**
| Matrix is a liquid, solid, or a gel
## Footnote
Ex: bone, tendons, blood
28
# L7 - Types of tissues
Muscle tissue
Bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening or contracting.
**Function: movement**
| Ex: muscles surround dig tract, muscles that make bones move, heart.
29
# L7 - Types of tissues
Nerve tissue
Long, thin cells with fine branches at the end capable of conducting electrical impulses.
**Function: Sensory, communication within body, body function coordination.**
| Ex: brain tissue, nerves in sensory organs
30
# L7
Multicellular organisms begin as...
A single cell.
31
# L7
What is cellular differentiation
| What and How
Process by which a cell changes from an unspecialized state (like a stem cell) to a more specialized one.
How: cell undergoes multiple divisions to create many cells, slowly becoming specialized in shape, contents, function.
32
# L7
In animals, a cell that can differentiate into many different cell types is called a...
Stem cell
33
# L7
How does a stem cell differentiate in animals?
| Basic response
It can differentiate into many types
- Stem cell divides into two daughter cells through mitosis + cytokinesis
- Daughter cells develop into diff cell types based on activated/deactivated DNA
- Stem cells occur in clums, and differ. into various tissue layers
34
# L7
Three types of stem cells ?
1. Embryonic
2. Induced Pluripotent (ICP)
3. Tissue
| all end in 'stem cells'
35
# L7
Tissue stem cells in bone marrow can become...
white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets
36
# L7
Embryonic stem cells
From an embryo. Can differentiate into any cell type.
37
# L7
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Specialized cells reprogrammed to become stem cells.
| (reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state)
38
# L7
Tissue stem cells
| adult stem cells
are found in specialized tissues and can differentiate into specific cell types
39
# L7
Cord blood cell banking ?
- Umbilical cord blood collected after birth
- Rich source of tissue stem cells
- Can develop into any type of blood cell
Ex. used for leukemia
40
# L7
Tissue stem cell transplantation
- Leukemia patients
- Chemo. to kill bone marrow and white blood cells
- Healthy stem cells from cord blood / marrow are injected
- Healthy blood cells grow
41
# L7
What is regeneration?
the ability of tissues to repair themselves.
The liver can regen. even with 75% of its cells lost
| ex. skin and bone, salamanders...
42
# L7
What is tissue engineering?
Scientists researching ways to regen. human tissues that dont naturally regenerate.
| This may help treat spinal cord injuries.
43
# L7
Difference between Stem Cells and Cellular Differentiation
Stem cells: can **differentiate** to develop into specialized cells with specific functions
Cellular differentiation: process by which cell undergoes multiple divisions to create many cells, becoming specialized in **shape, size, function**
44
# L7
What cells can regenerate in humans?
skin, the intestinal lining, blood cells, bones, and the liver.
brain too, but limited.
45
# L7
Name benefit(s) of tissue engineering.
Treating spinal cord injuries.
New treatments for conditions.
46
# L7B
Voluntary muscles ?
| How? What?
Brain sends message to the muscle, fibrils in the cells shorten, muscle contracts.
These muscles contract and move.
47
# L7B
What is the other name for voluntary muscles?
Striated / Skeletal muscle tissue.
(bc of their microscopic appearance)
48
# L7B
Name some involuntary muscles
stomach, digestive tract, iris of eye, heart, respiratory, etc
49
# L7B
How is unvoluntary diff from voluntary (muscles) ?
| logical
Voluntary muscles: under conscious control, intentional
Involuntary muscles: operate automatically, without conscious thought, regulate essential internal functions
50
# L7B
What does areolar connective tissue do ?
Binds body parts, filling spaces between organs/tissues, anchoring structures, protection
51
# L7B
Bone cell function
Osteoblasts : bone-forming cells
They synthesize and deposit organic components to form hard bone tissue.
| v simplified explanation
52
# L7B
Red blood cells: where made? how are they diff?
- Made in bone marrow
- Diff: they have no nuclei
| Red = NO (nuclei!)
53
# L7B
Where white blood cells made?
1) bone marrow
2) lymph glands
3) spleen
54
# L7B
How are white blood cells diff from red?
Larger, have nuclei.
55
# L7B
Red blood cells.
function +why red + less rbc + info
Release / transport oxygen. Contain hemoglobin (allows it to transport oxygen) which makes them red.
Less rbc -> reduced ability to carry oxygen to organs / tissues, resulting in [fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness]
Take up almost HALF OF BLOOD VOLUME
| They transport oxygen to tissues, then CO2 to lungs.
56
# L7B
White blood cells.
function + less wbc + info?
- Fight infection, destroy bacteria & foreign invaders
- People with less WBC are higher risk of developing infection
- Less than 1% of blood volume
- ONLY blood cell to have a NUCLEUS
57
# L7B
Platelets.
where formed? + function?
- Formed in bone marrow
- Function: release a chemical that starts the formation of blood clot to stop bleeding
- Less than 1% of blood volume, tiny.
| process of stopping bleeding = hemostasis
58
# L7B
Low platelets ?
increased risk of bleeding and bruising. they help blood to clot.
59
# L7B
What happens to overweight person?
Body forced to grow many miles of extra vlood vessels in the fat tissue: puts strain on heart.
60
# L8
Four stages of food processing?
| + brief desc. of each stage
1. Ingestion (taking in nutrients)
2. Digestion (breaking down to simpler molecules)
3. Absorption (and released into bloodstream)
4. Egestion (removal of food waste)
| Egestion = elimination = excretion
61
# L8
Two types of digestion
| + description / reason
1. Mechanical: physical breakdown, increases surface area of food for dig. chemical exposure
2. Chemical: breakdown by chemical substances (bile, acids, enzymes)
62
# L8
Two components of Human Digestive System ?
1. Digestive tract (one continuous tube, 6.5-9.5m long)
2. Accessory organs (involved in dig, but not in tract)
63
# L8
Organs in digestive tract
| 8
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Rectum
8. Anus
64
# L8
Accessory organs
1. teeth
2. tongue
3. glandular organs (ie. salivary glands)
4. liver
5. gallbladder
6. pancreas
65
# L8
Why need digestion?
| specifically digestion process
Nutrients need to be small so we can take it into bloodstream and deliver it to our cells/tissues.
66
# L8 - Functions
Mouth
food breakdown physically (teeth) and chemically (saliva w its enzymes and lubri. for swallowing)
67
# L8 - Functions
Esophagus
| use key terminology
Uses peristalsis to transport food down system by contracting.
Peristalsis: rhythmic involuntary muslce movement.
68
# L8 - Functions
Stomach
Muscle (with ridges) that grinds up food and can expand. Stomach acid (HCl) used to: further break down, and kill bacteria in food. Stomach lined with mucus to protect cells from the acid.
| Mechanical (muscles grinding). Chemical (acid).
69
# L8 - Functions
Small Intestine
SITE OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION. Contains bile to help break down fat, & uses enzymes further. Surface is covered with villi and microvilli (help absorb nutrients into bloodstream).
| OVERALL: Final breakdown, & absorption.
70
# L8 - Functions
Small Intestine length and characteristics
around 6m long, very coiled, covered with villi/microvilli.
71
# L8 - Functions
Where is the site of chemical digestion? (majority)
Small Intestine !!!
72
# L8 - Functions
What organ produces the bile ?
Liver.
73
# L8 - Functions
What organ stores the bile? From where?
GALLBLADDER stores the bile made in the LIVER.
74
# L8 - Functions
What organ produces digestive enzymes?
Pancreas.
75
# L8 - Functions
Surface of small intestine covered with what? These help do what?
Small intestine covered with VILLI & MICROVILLI. Help absorb nutrients into bloodstream using diffusion.
76
# L8 - Functions
Large intestine
| +length
Reabsorbs water from undigested food, contains bacteria to help breakdown for maximal nutrients, solidifies stool.
1.5-2m long.
77
# L8 - Functions
Rectum
Feces are removed by rectum then anus.
78
# L8 - Functions
Pharynx
Acts as passageway, directs swallowed food and liquid into the esophagus.
79
# L8 - Functions
Epiglottis
Prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing, directs them into the esophagus. Acts like a **flap**, closing over the opening of the larynx when swallowing.
80
# L8 - Functions
Liver
| in digestive sys.
Produces bile which helps breakdown fats. (also filters blood)
81
# L8 - Functions
Pancreas
produces enzymes for food breakdown. produces insulin (to regulate blood sugar) and bicarbonate ions (a base to neutralize stomach acids entering small intestine)
82
# L8 - Functions
Liver releases bile into...
small intestine.
83
# L8
Peristalsis
**Involuntary rhythmic muscle movement** to contract muscles to push food down digestive tract.
84
# L8
Similarities between small and large intestine
long, tube-like structures, contribute to overall process of food breakdown and absorbing nutrients.
85
# Article
What is bariatric surgery? + Name the 2 types.
| NOT the same as cosmetic surgeries to remove fat.
Any surgery performed to cause weight loss.
1. restrictive (reduce amount of food passing Gastrointestinal tract)
2. Malabsorptive (make absorption difficult)
86
# L9
What does circulatory system move around the body?
Nutrients from intestine -> body cells
Oxygen from lungs -> body
CO2 from cells -> lungs for removal
Waste -> kidneys for filtration/ removal
87
# L9
Three parts of circulatory system?
1. Blood
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels
88
# L9
Four components of blood
1. RBC (majority)
2. WBC
3. Platelets
4. Plasma
89
# L9
What is hemoglobin protein for?
Allows RBC to transport oxygen throughout body.
| Also makes RBC red
90
# L9
What is plasma?
Protein-rich liquid that carries blood cells through system. Over half of blood volume.
91
# L9
3 types of tissue found in heart
1. cardiac muscle tissue
2. nerve tissue
3. connective tissue
| CM.N.C
92
# L9
How does left & right side of the heart work?
2 parallel separated pumps;
RIGHT side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs;
LEFT side receives oxygenated blood and pumps to body.
93
# L9
Right side of heart receives...
deoxygenated blood
94
# L9
Left side of heart receives...
oxygenated blood
95
# L9
What is cardiac muscle?
Muscle tissue only found in heart. Contracts, causing blood to move around your body.
96
# L9
three types of blood vessels
1. arteries
2. veins
3. capillaries
97
# L9
Describe arteries
- thick elastic walls
- carry blood AWAY from heart
- high pressure blood inside (to push blood)
98
# L9
Describe veins
- have thinner walls
- carry blood TOWARDS heart
- contain valves so blood only moves 1 way
- blood at LOWER pressure bc returning to heart
99
# L9
Describe capillaries
- tiny blood vessels, very thin walls for diffusion
- supply every body part with blood
- red blood cells must pass one at a time while traveling through them
100
# L9
Capillaries supply what to what?
Supply every body part with blood
101
# L9
Red blood cells must pass one at a time while traveling through what?
Capillaries
102
# L9
What is Coronary Artery Disease
RESTRICTED BLOOD FLOW: Narrowed arties by a deposit of fat, cholestrol, and calcium called plaque. Can be caused by genetics, high fat diet, smoking, lack of excercise.
(These arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to heart muscles)
103
# L9
Consequence of Coronary Artery Disease?
Heart attack: the coronary arties become blocked by plaque or blood clot. Muscle cells cant receive oxy/nutri and die. Heart can stop pumping.
104
# L9
How to detect heart attack?
Blood test or electrocardiogram
105
# L9
Chest pain, pressure down arm, shortness breath, nausea, upper body pain, dizziness...
All symtoms of what?
Heart attack
106
# L9
To which organ does the heart pump deoxygenated blood?
Lungs, because they are the site of oxygen entry
107
# L10 Functions
Nose
- Filters our air using nose hairs and mucus
- warms the air we breathe before it hits lungs
108
# L10 Functions
Pharynx
- At back of throat
- Air from nasal cavity and mouth meet before entering the larynx
- serves as a passageway for both air and food
109
# L10 Functions
Larynx
- "Voice box"
- vocal cords vibrate -> speak
110
# L10
Laryngitis?
occurs when vocal cords get inflamed -> difficult to speak
111
# L10 Functions
Trachea
- "windpipe"
- directs air towards chest/lungs
- OPEN at all times
- made of rings of cartilage -> prevent it from collapsing
112
# L10
Trachea is made of rings of cartilage. Why?
To prevent it from collapsing !
113
# L10 Functions
Epiglottis
- Flap that covers trachea
- to prevent food from entering the trachea and choking
114
# L10 Functions
The bronchi
| bronchus = singular
Directs air into left/right lungs
115
# L10 Functions
Cilia, mucus, and upper respiratory tract
- the upper resp. tract has cells that produce mucus -> trap foreign particles
- cilia found on top of the cells -> little hairs that brush the mucus up the resp. tract
116
# L10 Functions
Bronchioles
- Bronchi branches off into bronchioles
- help direct air deeper into lungs
- ends of each bronchiole have alveoli
117
# L10 Functions
Alveoli
- Can inflate and deflate as air in inhaled/exhaled
- Responsible for DIFFUSION / GAS EXCHANGE
- folded surface to give them greater SA for gas exchange
- on ends of bronchioles
118
# L10 Functions
Diaphragm
- Below chest cavity
- An elastic tissue that lowers (inhale) and rises (exhale) to help air enter and exit lungs
119
# L10
Purpose of respiratory system
- Gas exchange
- Oxygen enters bloodstream from lungs by diffusion
- CO2 exits bloodstream and goes into lungs by diffusion
120
# L10
Concentration of oxygen in bloodstream VS in alveoli
Oxy. concentration in bloodstream: LOWER
Oxy. concentration in alveoli:
HIGHER
121
# L10
Inhalation.
diaph. / volume / pressure / air
- Diaphragm contracts and moves downward
- Volume of lungs INCREASE
- Pressure in lungs DECREASE
- due to less pressure, air is forced into lungs to equalize the pressure (???)
122
# L10
The ........... the volume of the lungs, the .......... the air pressure within the lungs.
The GREATER the volume, the LOWER the air pressure
123
# L10
Exhalation.
diaph. / volume / pressure / air
- Diaphragm moves UP
- Volume of lungs DECREASE
- Pressure in lungs INCREASE
- due to more pressure, air is forced out of lungs to equalize (???)
124
# L10
How does brain control our breathing?
Brain detects the concentration of CO2 in blood, sends signal to diaphragm to move more / heart to beat faster.
This decreases CO2 + increases O2
125
# L10
What is tuberculosis?
what is / destroys what / treatment
Bacteria grows in lungs and can spread to other parts. Can destroy lung tissue / alveoli. Treatment is hospitalization / medication. Can be fatal.
126
# L10
What gas is in high concentration in alveoli?
Oxygen
## Footnote
(bc diffusion is HIGH to low concentration, and obviously oxygen has to go into bloodstream)
127
# L10
What gas is in high concentration in blood vessels as blood approaches alveoli?
CO2
(bc blood is carrying it back to alveoli for exhalation)
128
# L11
Equation of cellular respiration ? Purpose ?
C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP
purpose: convert glucose/ food into energy/ nutrients
