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Science > Optics G.10 > Flashcards

Optics G.10 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Light is a form of…
(2 answers)

A
  1. energy that does not need a medium to travel
  2. electromagnetic radiation (energy that travels in waves)
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2
Q

Light travels in what ways?

A

In electromagnetic waves, and in straight lines.

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3
Q

Speed of light in a vacuum ?

A

3.00x10^8 m/s

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4
Q

Which ones tighter which ones looser; low vs high frequency waves?

A

Low frequency waves: looser

High frequency waves: tighter

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5
Q

3 things that light can do when it hits an object ?

A

Reflects, refracts, or is absorbed

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6
Q

Order of light from least to most energy:

A

Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible light
UV
X-rays
Gamma Rays

RMIVUXG (7)

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7
Q

Use of radio waves ?

+ Give examples.

A

Carry info around

+ TV, cell signals, radar

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8
Q

Use of microwaves ?

+ Give examples.

A

Heat up food and telecommunications

+ Microwaves, phones

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9
Q

Use of infrared waves ?

+ Give examples.

A

Experienced as heat.

+ Remote controls

ALSO: equipment that senses infrared is used in motion sensors, night vision goggles

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10
Q

Use of visible light ?

+ Give examples.

A

Light that human eye responds to, made up of 7 colours.

+ Concert lighting, lasers, rainbows

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11
Q

Colours exist based on what?

A

Differences in their wavelength.

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12
Q

What colour has longest wavelength, vs which has shortest?

AKA least vs most energy

A

RED is the longest

VIOLET is shortest

(ROY G BIV goes longest to shortest)

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13
Q

Use of UV waves ?

A

Main source is the sun.

+ Helps with vitamin D production, used to disinfect water, & analyze DNA

+ Extended exposure can burn skin

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14
Q

Use of X-rays ?

A

Penetrate human tissue, used for medical imaging, scanning equipment (luggage), cancer treatment.

+ Airport luggage

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15
Q

Use of gamma rays ?

A

Cancer treatment, can penetrate human tissues and kill cells, is a product of nuclear decay.

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16
Q

What makes each colour different ?

(in terms of Physics)

A

Each colour has a different amount of energy.

Each has a specific frequency and wavelength that it emits.

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17
Q

What is white light ?

A

Made up of a mixture of all frequencies of light.

+ A prism separates white light into ROYGBIV

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18
Q

Light is a form of ________ ______ ____ __ _____ objects

A

form of ENERGY GIVEN OFF BY SOME objects

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19
Q

What are luminous objects? Examples?

A

Produce their own light.

+ Sun, candles, light bulb

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20
Q

What are non-luminous objects ?

A

Do not produce light. (simple as that!)

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21
Q

Electric discharge ?

A

The process of producing light by passing an electric current through a gas.

1) Lightning
2) Neon signs

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22
Q

Give 2 types of electric discharge (and brief sentence)

A

1) Lightning
- Electricity passing through air

2) Neon Signs
- Electricity passing through different gases & producing diff colours

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23
Q

Fluorescence ?

A

The IMMEDIATE emission of visible light as a result of absorption of UV light.

Electric current is used to excite mercury and emit UV light. UV light is converted into visible light.

1) Fluorescent dye
2) Fluorescent light

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24
Q

Give 2 types of fluorescence

A

1) Fluorescent dye in detergent
- Clothes look brighter due to extra visible light given off

2) Fluorescent light
- Electric current is used to excite mercury and emit UV light. UV light is converted/absorbed into visible light

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25
Phosphorescence ?
Absorbing UV light & releasing visible light OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. 1) Glow stickers (UV light is absorbed during day then they eventually glow during night)
26
Simply: higher frequency = ...
more energy!
27
Simply: What is the electromagnetic spectrum
A classification of electromagnetic waves by energy
28
Chemiluminescence ? + example
Production of light as a result of chemical reaction, with little or no heat produced. 1) Glow sticks - breaking the glass inside allows chemicals to mix and produce light
29
Bioluminescence ? + examples
Production of light in living organisms as a result of chemical reactions, with little or no heat produced. 1) Dinoflagellate - marine plankton that will glow in presence of danger 2) Firefly 3) Jellyfish
30
Triboluminescence ? + examples
Production of light when certain crystals are scratched, crushed, rubbed. 1) striking 2 sugar cubes against echthr 2) crushing/chewing mint life savers
31
LED (Light-emitting diode) + example
An electronic device that allows an electrical current to flow only in ONE DIRECTION. Need semiconductors. 1) Decorative lights
32
Incandescent ? + examples
Light produced due to high temperature. 1) regular light bulb 2 ) metal heated up
33
Incandescent light: How much % is emitted as infrared? as visible light?
~90% as infrared (heat) ~10% as visible light Clearly not efficient !
34
Key difference between phosphorescence and fluorescence ?
Phosphorescence: releases the visible light over a period of time Fluorescence: releases the visible light immediately
35
Differences between LEDs VS Incandescent
LED: - More energy efficient - Not much heat produced - No filament required - Need semiconductors Incandescent - Produces mostly heat - Not energy efficient
36
Key difference between incandescence and luminescence (umbrella terms)
Incandescence: light given off as a result of high temperatures Luminescence: light given off when an object is NOT heated
37
Laser meaning (= acronym)
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
38
Laser ?
Produces electromagnetic waves of the same energy level, so no separation of colour when going through triangular prism. Very pure colour emitted. Very intense, as waves travel in same direction & in unison.
39
Which type of light is also called 'cold light' and why?
Chemiluminescence, because little to no heat is produced.
40
What type of electromagnetic wave is used for telecommunications?
Microwaves
41
What type of electromagnetic wave is used for radar?
Radio waves
42
What type of electromagnetic wave is used for DVD remote?
Infrared
43
Ray model of light is used for what ?
To help understand and make predictions about how light behaves
44
The fundamental property of light is that...
light travels in straight lines
45
What is transmission ?
light passes through an object and continues travelling.
46
What is light absorption ?
Light is absorbed by (remains in) the object and turned into heat.
47
What is reflection ?
Light bounces off the object and travels in another direction.
48
Transparent ?
Materials transmit ALL or ALMOST all light. Can see through material.
49
Translucent ?
Materials allow SOME light to pass through, some light is absorbed or reflected. Objects are not clearly seen through material.
50
Opaque ?
Material doesn't transmit any light. Light is absorbed or reflected. Objects cannot be seen at all.
51
The colour of an object is determined by what ?
By which colours (or wavelengths) of light are reflected by its surface, and which ones are absorbed.
52
An entirely red apple will only reflect the colour _____
RED. all other colours are absorbed.
53
Reflection occurs because...
... light is changing direction.
54
Angle of reflection ?_? angle of incidence (put >,<, or =)
= IS EQUAL TO
55
Specular reflection ?
Produces a reflected image on smooth shiny surfaces. ex: still water, plane mirror
56
Diffuse reflection ?
Does not produce a reflected image on irregular (rough) or dull surfaces. ex: crumped foil, waves, rocky
57
What's different about the Normal lines on a rough surface? And what does this cause to the angles of incidence / reflection ?
The normal lines on a rough surface POINT IN DIFF DIRECTIONS, but the angles of incidence are still equal to the angles of reflection
58
State the two laws of reflection
1) Incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal all lie on the same plane 2) Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
59
what TYPE of image do plane mirrors produce
virtual images
60
In a plane mirror, does light come from the image location
NO
61
What's the SALT for a plane mirror image?
Size: same Attitude: upright, laterally inverted Location: same distance away from mirror, behind mirror Type: Virtual
62
how do images form in plane mirrors?
1. all the rays from the object that strike the mirror shall reflect from it 2. the rays that reach your eye seem like they're coming from behind the mirror, but are actually js reflecting directly from the object 3. brain recognizes (?)
63
How does our brain process light? explain.
- Our brain can only comprehend that light moves in a straight line - Our brain processes light as if it has only travelled in a straight line
64
Which ray enters our eye, causing us to see the image in the mirror?
the reflected ray
65
What and why are real images real? + Give 2 examples of real images
can be seen on screen as a result of light rays actually arriving at the image location. 1) images formed on retins of eye 2) images on screen projector
66
Which mirror type has the reflective side on the part of the mirror that bends inwards ?
CONCAVE
67
Examples of concave mirrors
cosmetic, flashlights, headlights
68
Which mirror type has the reflective side on the part of mirror that bulges outwards?
CONVEX
69
Examples of convex mirrors
security mirrors, car side-mirrors, parking mirrors
70
Concave mirrors: everything is real except...
Between F and V, which is VIRTUAL (and ofc, at F creates no image)
71
Convex mirrors SALT is always...
Smaller, Upright, Behind mirror, Virtual.
72
how is a virtual image formed
by light rays coming from an apparent light source
73
Curved mirrors: Meaning of C
Centre of curvature
74
Curved mirrors: Meaning of CV
Principal axis - A line drawn through the vertex, focal point, and centre of curvature of the mirror where the object rests
75
Curved mirrors: meaning of V
vertex - the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis
76
Curved mirrors: meaning of F
Focal point - the point where parallel light rays converge
77
Curved mirrors: Meaning of /f/
focal length - the distance from the focal point to the vertex
78
Curved mirrors: meaning of R
Radius of curvature - the distance from the centre of curvature to the surface of mirror
79
INCIDENT RAY; PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS
REFLECTED RAY; REFLECTS THROUGH FOCAL POINT
80
INCIDENT RAY; THROUGH THE FOCAL POINT
REFLECTED RAY; REFLECTS PARALLEL TO PRINCIPAL AXIS (CV)
81
INCIDENT RAY; STRAIGHT TO THE VERTEX
REFLECTED RAY; REFLECTS SAME WAY AS PLANE MIRROR (θi = θr)
82
INCIDENT RAY; THROUGH CENTRE OF CURVATURE
REFLECTED RAY; REFLECTS ALONG CENTRE OF CURVATURE (SO NO DIFFERENCE, JS THAT ITS AN ARROW POINTING 2 WAYS)
83
What are the two ways light reflects off a convex mirror
1) Light travelling parallel to PA reflects in lign of F 2) Light travelling towards F reflects & travels parallel to PA | PA = principal axis = CV
84
What are the two ways light reflects off a concave mirror
1) Ray of light travelling parallel to PA will reflect and pass through the focal point 2) Ray of light that passes through focal point reflects parallel to PA | PA = principal axis = CV
85
What are 3 properties of light
1) light travels in straight lines 2) light travels at 3.00x10^8 m/s 3) If light hits an object, it reflects, refracts, or is absorbed.

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