Bio- Health Issues + Cancer

Question 1

What is Health?

Answer 1

Health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing.

Question 2

What is Disease?

Answer 2

Disease is any condition that interferes with the proper functioning of the body or mind.

Question 3

What is the difference between Communicable and Non- communicable diseases?

Answer 3

Communicable diseases can be transmitted from one organism to another while Non-communicable diseases can’t.

Question 4

How are communicable diseases caused and give some examples:

Answer 4

Communicable diseases are caused by infectious agents like bacteria, viruses or parasites + are spread through various means like air, water and direct contact. Eg: Measles, Malaria and Covid

Question 5

How are Non- communicable diseases caused and give some examples?

Answer 5

Non-communicable diseases are not contagious and are often linked to genetic factors, lifestyle choices (eg, smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity), and environmental factors. Eg- Heart disease, diabetes and Cancer

Question 6

Which type of disease is responsible for 60% of deaths worldwide?

Answer 6

Communicable diseases

Question 7

List 6 Non-communicable diseases?

Answer 7

-Cancer
-Cardiovascular disease
-Diabetes
-Chronic Respiratory Disease
-Arthritis
-Allergies

Question 8

What is Cancer?

Answer 8

-Cancer is rapid and uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells

Question 9

What is Cardiovascular disease?

Answer 9

Cardiovascular diseases are any condition that weakens the Heart and blood vessels + makes them less functional

Question 10

What is Diabetes?

Answer 10

Diabetes is the inability to control blood sugar levels

Question 11

What is Chronic Respiratory Diseases?

Answer 11

Chronic Respiratory Diseases are diseases that affect the lungs. Eg- Asthma + COPD

Question 12

What is Arthritis?

Answer 12

Arthritis is the disease of the joints marked by painful swelling and stiffness.

Question 13

What are Allergies?

Answer 13

Allergies are extreme sensitivity to a substance - Eg, Asthma, ezcema
-Some are caused by vunerability from inherited genes or poor lifestyle

Question 14

What is a Risk Factor?

Answer 14

A Risk Factor is something that increases your chances of getting a disease

Question 15

What is Incidence?

Answer 15

Incidence refers to the number of people diagnosed with a particular disease in a particular population at a particular time.
eg: Incidence of Celiac Disease in active military personnel in United States was 6.5 in 100,000 in 2008.

Question 16

What is Prevalence?

Answer 16

Prevalence is the number of people who have a particular condition, regardless of whether they were just diagnosed, or even whether they’ve been diagnosed at all.

Question 17

What is Mortality?

Answer 17

Mortality is the number of deaths per unit of population from a specific disease.

Question 18

What is Scientific risk?

Answer 18

Scientific risk describes the probability that a particular event will happen.

Question 19

What is probability?

Answer 19

Probability is a mathematical chance of an event occuring.

Question 20

What is Correlation?

Answer 20

Correlation is a link or an association between two factors.

Question 21

What is Causal mechanism?

Answer 21

Causal mechanism explains how one factor affects another, using biological reasoning.

Question 22

Correlation does NOT mean…

Answer 22

Cause

Question 23

Why does Cancer occur?

Answer 23

Cancer occurs because of a breakdown in the cellular control mechanism that puts the brakes on cell division.

Question 24

What is a tumour?

Answer 24

A tumour is a swelling that can occur almost anywhere in the body, as long as there is blood supply + the precense of live cells. A tumour forms when there is uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells- a mass that divides continously.

Question 25

Name 3 causes of a tumour:

Answer 25

-Damage to DNA of cell/s, which can be caused by UV light -Damaged cell passes through checkpoint of cell cycle -Divided uncontrollably

Question 26

List and explain factors that cause cancer:

Answer 26

-Genetic risk factors, eg (BRACA 1+2 causes Ovarian + Breast Cancer) -Mutations (changes in DNA) by chemicals which may be caused by -chemical carcinogens -Virus' + infections hijak cells, inserting their own DNA into the host cell + weakens the immune system, making the body less likely to fight off the Cancer + so tumours are more likely to develop. -Ionising Radiation (X-ray, UV), increases the number of mutated cells + may alter the chemicals that form DNA, inside cells -Smoking -Diet -Hereditary

Question 27

What is the difference between Benign and Malignant tumours?

Answer 27

Benign tumours are non-cancerous as they can grow very large but do NOT destroy the surrounding tissue, typically slow growing and the growth of abnormal cells is down in one place, within a membrane. They may be surgically removed. While, A malignant tumour grows rapidly +destroys the surrounding tissue + their cells can break away + spread through the blood or lymph into other sites where they form a secondary tumour (metastatis). A Malignant tumour is what we usually describe as cancer.

Question 28

Name two treatments for Cancer:

Answer 28

-Chemotherapy -Radiotherapy

Question 29

Describe Chemotherapy

Answer 29

Chemotherapy kills ALL fast-dividing cells, including healthy cells. eg; hair follicles, inside the mouth, immune system (wbc), digestive system- nausea -Used to cure, control and ease symptoms by destroying cancer cells.

Question 30

Describe Radiotherapy:

Answer 30

Radiotherapy is high energy radiation used to shrink tumours + kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA. -There can be long-term damage to the body as healthy cells are also killed -Not always possible as sometimes tumours are in the line of vital organs. -Is targeted

Question 31

What health problems do the two different tumours cause?

Answer 31

Benign tumours are not usually problematic but they may become large + compress structures (organs) nearby, causing pain and discomfort. that can cause pain and discomfort. Malignant tumours take the blood supply away from Organs and push onto them. They may cause loss of function in parts of the body and form secondary tumours, which also require treatment. They also may cause seizures, problems with digestion, bloody faeces.

Question 32

What are the benefits and risks of chemotherapy?

Answer 32

Benefits- Shrinking tumours, destroying cancer cells, and potentially extending life, but it also carries risks including side effects like fatigue, nausea, and hair loss

Question 33

What are the benefits and risks of Radiotherapy?

Answer 33

As well as saving lives by treating tumours, stray radiation also has the ability to damage healthy tissue and it can cause side effects like skin damage and fatigue to serious organ damage, depending on the part of the body that has been treated and the dose delivered to the healthy tissue.