Bio Lab Exam Flashcards
Atoms
individual particles of different elements
combine to form molecules
Molecules
Formed by atoms
can be assembled in particular arrangements to form the organelles of cells
Tissues
formed by cells
tissues can combine to form organs
Levels of structural organization (6)
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organismal level
each level increases in complexity and new properties emerge
Integumentary system
encloses internal body structures, protects the body from external diseases and infection, and is the site of many sensory receptors
hair, skin, nails
Skeletal system
supports the body and enables movement
bones, joints, cartilage
Muscular system
enables movement and helps maintain body temperature
skeletal muscles and tendons
Lymphatic system
returns fluid to the blood and defends against pathogens
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic vessels
Respiratory system
removes CO2 from the body and delivers oxygen to the blood
nasal passage, trachea, and lungs
Digestive system
processes food for use by the body and removes waste from undigested food
stomach, liver, gall bladder, small/large intestine
Nervous system
detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Endocrine system
secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries
Cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and equalizes temperature in the body
heart and blood vessels
Urinary system
controls water balance in the body and removes waste from the blood and excretes them
kidneys and urinary bladder
Reproductive system
produces sex hormones and gametes (both)
delivers gametes to a female (male)
supports embryo/fetus until birth, produces milk (female)
epididymis and testes
mammary glands, ovaries, and uterus
Epidermis
outer layer of the skin
is made up of 4 or 5 layers of epithelial cells
doesn’t have any blood vessels within it
acts as a protective barrier
Dermis
deeper layer of the skin
contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands
regulates the body’s temperature, produces oil, grows hair, provides feeling, and protects the body
Hypodermis
connects the skin to underlying structures
Duodenum
is a part of the small intestine
consists of 4 layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Lumen
the opening inside of the bowels
Mucosa
the innermost layer of the duodenum
consists of a epithelium and smooth muscle layer, includes mucus glands and microvilli
microvilli work to absorb nutrients
Submucosa
second layer of the duodenum, superficial to the mucosa
includes loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and Brunner’s glands which secretes mucus
the mucus helps food move through the tract and bicarbonate neutralizes the acid
Muscularis
third layer of the duodenum, superficial to the submucosa
made up of smooth muscle tissue
muscles churn the chyme, mixes it with digestive enzymes. this muscle movement is called peristalsis
Serosa
The outermost layer of the duodenum
comprised of squamous epithelium
the single layer of flat epithelium cells provides a barrier to other organs
