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BIOL 131 Lecture and Lab > Bio Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Bio Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone

A

hard, dense connective tissue

Supports the structure of the body

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2
Q

Cartilage

A

Semi-rigid form of connective tissue

provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement

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3
Q

Bone matrix

A

acts as a reservoir for minerals important to the functioning of the body - calcium and phosphorus

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4
Q

Yellow marrow

A

contains adipose tissue

triglycerides stores in the adipocytes of the tissue can serve as a source of energy

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5
Q

Red marrow

A

where hematopoiesis takes place

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced here

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6
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells

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7
Q

Long bone

A

cylindrical in shape

longer than it is wide

humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

they move when muscles contract

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8
Q

Short bone

A

equal in length and width, cube shaped

are only found in the carpals of the wrists and metatarsals of the ankles

provide stability and support

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9
Q

Flat bones

A

typically thin and often curved

cranial bones, scapulae, sternum, and ribs

serve as points of attachment for muscles

often protect internal organs

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10
Q

Irregular bones

A

does not fit into any other classification

vertebrae, many facial bones

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11
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

small round bone

form in tendons and protect them by overcoming compressive forces

Typically found in tendons associated with feet, hands, knees

patella

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12
Q

Diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone

its walls are composed of dense and hard compact bone

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13
Q

Medullary cavity

A

hollow region in the diaphysis which is filled with yellow marrow

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14
Q

Epiphysis

A

wider end of the bone

filled with spongy bone

red marrow fills the spaces in spongy bone

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15
Q

Metaphysis

A

where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis

is the narrow area that contain the epiphyseal plate or growth plate

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16
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

a layer if hyaline cartilage in a growing bone

when the bone stops growing it is replaced by osseous tissue and the plate become an epiphyseal line

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17
Q

Endosteum

A

the membrane lining inside the medullary cavity

bone growth, repair, and remodelling occur here

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18
Q

Periosteum

A

the membrane that lines the outside of the bone

contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that will nourish compact bone

covers everywhere expect for where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints

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19
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers the area of the epiphyses that meet other bones to form joints

is a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

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20
Q

Dipolë

A

a layer of spongy bone found in flat bones

lined on either side by a layer of compact bone

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21
Q

Articulation

A

where two bone surfaces come together

surfaces tend to conform to one another - one being rounded and the other being cupped

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22
Q

Projection

A

area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone

serves as attachment points for tendons and ligaments

size and shape are indicators of the forces exerted through the attachment of the bone

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23
Q

Hole

A

an opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone

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24
Q

Head

A

prominent rounded surface

articulation

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25
Facet
flat surface articulation
26
Condyle
Rounded surface articulation
27
Protuberance
protruding projection
28
Process
prominence feature projection
29
Spine
sharp process projection
30
Tubercle
small rounded process progection
31
Tuberosity
rough surface projection
32
Line
slight, elongated ridge projection
33
Crest
ridge projection
34
Fossa
elongated basin
35
Fovea
small pit
36
Sulcus
groove
37
Canal
passage in bone
38
Fissure
slit through bone
39
Foramen
hole through bone
40
Meatus
opening into canal
41
Sinus
air-filled space in bone
42
Collagen fibres in bone matrix
provides a surface for inorganic salt crystals to adhere to give bones flexibility so that they are not brittle
43
Salt crystals
forms when calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine to create hydroxyapatite calcifies on the collagen fibres
44
Hydroxyapatite crystals
gives bones their hardness and strength
45
Osteoblast
bone cell responsible for forming new bone found in growing portions of the bone - periosteum and endosteum do not divide synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts changes structure and becomes and osteocyte
46
Osteocyte
primary cell of mature bone located in a space called a lacuna and is surrounded by bone tissue maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix communicate with other osteocytes via canaliculi channels within the bone matirx
47
Osteogenic cell
undifferentiated with high mitotic activity only bone cells that divide found deep in the periosteum and marrow these cells differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
48
Osteoclast
responsible for bone reabsorption, or breakdown found on bone surfaces originate from white blood cells - monocytes and macrophages
49
Compact bone
stronger than spongy bone found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones composed of osteons
50
Osteons
structural unit of compact bone composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae
51
Central canal
the centre of the osteon where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels are contained
52
Perforating canal
extend to the periosteum and endosteum vessels and nerves from the central canal branch off into the perforating canal
53
Spongy bone
aka cancellous bone contains osteocytes housed in lacunae but they are not arranged in concentric circles
54
Lamellae
the concentric rings of calcified matrix in the osteons
55
Lacunae
spaces found at the borders of adjacent lamellae where osteocytes are housed
56
Trabeculae
structural unit of spongy bone lacunae and osteocytes are in a lattice network of matrix spikes - spongy bone
57
Nutrient foramen (foramina - plural)
where spongy bone and the medullary cavity receive nourishment from arteries a small opening in the diaphysis
58
Ossification (osteogenesis)
process of bone development
59
Cartilage templates
bone uses a model tissue to lay down its mineral matrix the cartilage template is the most common for skeletal development the framework is a flexible, semi-solid matrix of chondroblasts and others substances throughout fetal development bone forms on the cartilaginous matrix
60
chondrocytes
chondroblasts that are isolated by matrix
61
Intramembranous ossification
compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue mesenchymal cells gather and differentiate - some will become osteogenic cells and then osteoblasts flat bones of the face, most cranial bones, and clavicles are formed this way begins in utero and continues into adolescence
62
Ossification center
what early osteoblasts that appear in a cluster are called
63
Osteoid
uncalcified matrix that is secreted by osteoblasts will harden and trap the osteoblasts, where they will become osteocytes
64
Endochondral Ossification
bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage takes much longer than intramembranous ossification bones at the base of the skull and long bones form this way some mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes that from the cartilage template
65
Perichondrium
a membrane that covers the cartilage in endochondral ossification
66
Reserve zone
region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix
67
Proliferative zone
next layer towards the diaphysis, contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes makes new chondrocytes
68
Zone of maturation and hypertrophy
even larger chondrocytes, closer to the diaphysial end of the plate longitudinal growth of the bones is a result of the cellular division in this zone and the proliferative zone
69
Zone of calcified matrix
connects the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis chondorcytes are dead and the matrix is calcifies - osteoblasts secrete bone tissue bone grows in length when osseous tissues is added to the diaphysis
70
Appositional growth
when bones grow in diameter the medullary cavity diameter increases due to the osteoclasts the diameter of the bone increases due to osteoblasts this process is called modelling
71
Remodelling
reabsorption of old or damaged bone takes place on the same surface where osteoblasts lay new bone
72
Fracture
broken bone
73
Closed reduction
when a broken bone is manipulated into is natural position without surgery
74
Open reduction
requires surgery to reset the bone
75
Transverse fracture
occurs straight across the long axis of the bone
76
Oblique fracture
occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
77
Spiral fracture
bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion
78
Comminuted fracture
several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments
79
Impacted fracture
one fragment is driven into the other
80
Greenstick fracture
a partial fracture
81
Open or compound fracture
bone has broken through the skin
82
closed fracture
bone has not broken through the skin
83
Fracture hematoma
blood from the bone has formed a clot the disruption of blood flow to the bone results in the death of bone cells around the fracture
84
Internal callus
formed by the chondrocytes from the endosteum secretions of fibrocartilaginous matrix from the chondrocytes between the two ends of bone
85
External callus
formed by the periosteal chondrocytes and osteoblasts around the outside of the break stabilized the fracture hyaline cartilage and bone
86
Calcium
needed to from hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its hardness
87
Vitamin D
needed for calcium absorption
88
Vitamin K
supports bone mineralization
89
Magnesium and flouride
structural component of bone
90
omega-3 fatty acids
reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function
90
NRSGHypocalcemia
abnormally low levels of calcium results in problems with blood coagulation, muscle contraction, nerve functioning, and bone strength
91
Calcium homeostasis
maintaining a blood calcium level of about 10 mg/dL
92
Hypercalcemia
abnormally high levels of calcium lethargy, sluggish reflexes, constipation, loss of appetite, confusion, coma
93
Axial Skeleton
includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back protects the brain spinal cord, heart, and lungs consists of 80 bones
94
Skull
formed by 22 bones
95
Vertebral column
consists of 24 bone, called vertebra (mobile) 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar plus the sacrum and coccyx (fused)
96
Thoracic cage
12 pairs of ribs and the sternum
97
Appendicular skeleton
includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs 126 bones
98
Cranium
skull is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case (cranial vault)
99
Mandible
lower jaw the only moveable bone of the skull
99
Brain case
surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures formed by 8 bones
100
Orbit
bony socket that houses the eyeball and the muscles that move the eye
101
supraorbital margin
upper margin of the anterior orbit
102
supraorbital foramen
near the middle of the supraorbital margin is a small opening provides passage of a sensory nerve to the skin of the forehead
103
Infraorbital foramen
below the orbit point of emergence for a sensory nerve that supplies the anterior face below the orbit
104
Nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity into halves
105
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
upper portion of the nasal septum
106
Vomer bone
lower portion of the nasal septum
107
Inferior nasal concha
a bony plate projecting from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity
108
middle nasal concha
located just above the inferior nasal concha part of the ethmoid bone
109
superior nasal concha
much smaller than the other two located laterally to the perpendicular plate in the upper nasal cavity
110
Zygomatic arch
bony arch on the side of the skull that spans from the area of cheek to just above the ear canal formed by the junction of two bony processes
111
temporal process of the zygomatic bone
the cheekbone
112
zygomatic process of the temporal bone
longer posterior portion of the zygomatic arch
113
temporal fossa
above the zygomatic arch is a shallow space
114
infratemporal fossa
below the zygomatic arch
115
calvaria
skullcap rounded top of the skull
116
cranial fossa's
anterior cranial fossa middle cranial fossa posterior cranial fossa from anterior to posterior the fossae increase in depth
117

BIOL 131 Lecture and Lab (3 decks)

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