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BIOL 131 Lecture and Lab > Bio Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Bio Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone

A

hard, dense connective tissue

Supports the structure of the body

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2
Q

Cartilage

A

Semi-rigid form of connective tissue

provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement

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3
Q

Bone matrix

A

acts as a reservoir for minerals important to the functioning of the body - calcium and phosphorus

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4
Q

Yellow marrow

A

contains adipose tissue

triglycerides stores in the adipocytes of the tissue can serve as a source of energy

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5
Q

Red marrow

A

where hematopoiesis takes place

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced here

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6
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells

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7
Q

Long bone

A

cylindrical in shape

longer than it is wide

humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

they move when muscles contract

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8
Q

Short bone

A

equal in length and width, cube shaped

are only found in the carpals of the wrists and metatarsals of the ankles

provide stability and support

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9
Q

Flat bones

A

typically thin and often curved

cranial bones, scapulae, sternum, and ribs

serve as points of attachment for muscles

often protect internal organs

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10
Q

Irregular bones

A

does not fit into any other classification

vertebrae, many facial bones

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11
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

small round bone

form in tendons and protect them by overcoming compressive forces

Typically found in tendons associated with feet, hands, knees

patella

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12
Q

Diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone

its walls are composed of dense and hard compact bone

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13
Q

Medullary cavity

A

hollow region in the diaphysis which is filled with yellow marrow

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14
Q

Epiphysis

A

wider end of the bone

filled with spongy bone

red marrow fills the spaces in spongy bone

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15
Q

Metaphysis

A

where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis

is the narrow area that contain the epiphyseal plate or growth plate

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16
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

a layer if hyaline cartilage in a growing bone

when the bone stops growing it is replaced by osseous tissue and the plate become an epiphyseal line

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17
Q

Endosteum

A

the membrane lining inside the medullary cavity

bone growth, repair, and remodelling occur here

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18
Q

Periosteum

A

the membrane that lines the outside of the bone

contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that will nourish compact bone

covers everywhere expect for where the epiphyses meet other bones to form joints

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19
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers the area of the epiphyses that meet other bones to form joints

is a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

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20
Q

Dipolë

A

a layer of spongy bone found in flat bones

lined on either side by a layer of compact bone

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21
Q

Articulation

A

where two bone surfaces come together

surfaces tend to conform to one another - one being rounded and the other being cupped

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22
Q

Projection

A

area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone

serves as attachment points for tendons and ligaments

size and shape are indicators of the forces exerted through the attachment of the bone

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23
Q

Hole

A

an opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone

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24
Q

Head

A

prominent rounded surface

articulation

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25
Q

Facet

A

flat surface

articulation

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26
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded surface

articulation

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27
Q

Protuberance

A

protruding

projection

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28
Q

Process

A

prominence feature

projection

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29
Q

Spine

A

sharp process

projection

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30
Q

Tubercle

A

small rounded process

progection

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31
Q

Tuberosity

A

rough surface

projection

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32
Q

Line

A

slight, elongated ridge

projection

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33
Q

Crest

A

ridge

projection

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34
Q

Fossa

A

elongated basin

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35
Q

Fovea

A

small pit

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36
Q

Sulcus

A

groove

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37
Q

Canal

A

passage in bone

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38
Q

Fissure

A

slit through bone

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39
Q

Foramen

A

hole through bone

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40
Q

Meatus

A

opening into canal

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41
Q

Sinus

A

air-filled space in bone

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42
Q

Collagen fibres in bone matrix

A

provides a surface for inorganic salt crystals to adhere to

give bones flexibility so that they are not brittle

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43
Q

Salt crystals

A

forms when calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine to create hydroxyapatite

calcifies on the collagen fibres

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44
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals

A

gives bones their hardness and strength

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45
Q

Osteoblast

A

bone cell responsible for forming new bone

found in growing portions of the bone - periosteum and endosteum

do not divide

synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts

changes structure and becomes and osteocyte

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46
Q

Osteocyte

A

primary cell of mature bone

located in a space called a lacuna and is surrounded by bone tissue

maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix

communicate with other osteocytes via canaliculi channels within the bone matirx

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47
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

undifferentiated with high mitotic activity

only bone cells that divide

found deep in the periosteum and marrow

these cells differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

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48
Q

Osteoclast

A

responsible for bone reabsorption, or breakdown

found on bone surfaces

originate from white blood cells - monocytes and macrophages

49
Q

Compact bone

A

stronger than spongy bone

found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones

composed of osteons

50
Q

Osteons

A

structural unit of compact bone

composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae

51
Q

Central canal

A

the centre of the osteon where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels are contained

52
Q

Perforating canal

A

extend to the periosteum and endosteum

vessels and nerves from the central canal branch off into the perforating canal

53
Q

Spongy bone

A

aka cancellous bone

contains osteocytes housed in lacunae but they are not arranged in concentric circles

54
Q

Lamellae

A

the concentric rings of calcified matrix in the osteons

55
Q

Lacunae

A

spaces found at the borders of adjacent lamellae

where osteocytes are housed

56
Q

Trabeculae

A

structural unit of spongy bone

lacunae and osteocytes are in a lattice network of matrix spikes - spongy bone

57
Q

Nutrient foramen (foramina - plural)

A

where spongy bone and the medullary cavity receive nourishment from arteries

a small opening in the diaphysis

58
Q

Ossification (osteogenesis)

A

process of bone development

59
Q

Cartilage templates

A

bone uses a model tissue to lay down its mineral matrix

the cartilage template is the most common for skeletal development

the framework is a flexible, semi-solid matrix of chondroblasts and others substances

throughout fetal development bone forms on the cartilaginous matrix

60
Q

chondrocytes

A

chondroblasts that are isolated by matrix

61
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue

mesenchymal cells gather and differentiate - some will become osteogenic cells and then osteoblasts

flat bones of the face, most cranial bones, and clavicles are formed this way

begins in utero and continues into adolescence

62
Q

Ossification center

A

what early osteoblasts that appear in a cluster are called

63
Q

Osteoid

A

uncalcified matrix that is secreted by osteoblasts

will harden and trap the osteoblasts, where they will become osteocytes

64
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

takes much longer than intramembranous ossification

bones at the base of the skull and long bones form this way

some mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes that from the cartilage template

65
Q

Perichondrium

A

a membrane that covers the cartilage in endochondral ossification

66
Q

Reserve zone

A

region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate and contains small chondrocytes within the matrix

67
Q

Proliferative zone

A

next layer towards the diaphysis, contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes

makes new chondrocytes

68
Q

Zone of maturation and hypertrophy

A

even larger chondrocytes, closer to the diaphysial end of the plate

longitudinal growth of the bones is a result of the cellular division in this zone and the proliferative zone

69
Q

Zone of calcified matrix

A

connects the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

chondorcytes are dead and the matrix is calcifies - osteoblasts secrete bone tissue

bone grows in length when osseous tissues is added to the diaphysis

70
Q

Appositional growth

A

when bones grow in diameter

the medullary cavity diameter increases due to the osteoclasts

the diameter of the bone increases due to osteoblasts

this process is called modelling

71
Q

Remodelling

A

reabsorption of old or damaged bone takes place on the same surface where osteoblasts lay new bone

72
Q

Fracture

A

broken bone

73
Q

Closed reduction

A

when a broken bone is manipulated into is natural position without surgery

74
Q

Open reduction

A

requires surgery to reset the bone

75
Q

Transverse fracture

A

occurs straight across the long axis of the bone

76
Q

Oblique fracture

A

occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees

77
Q

Spiral fracture

A

bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion

78
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments

79
Q

Impacted fracture

A

one fragment is driven into the other

80
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

a partial fracture

81
Q

Open or compound fracture

A

bone has broken through the skin

82
Q

closed fracture

A

bone has not broken through the skin

83
Q

Fracture hematoma

A

blood from the bone has formed a clot

the disruption of blood flow to the bone results in the death of bone cells around the fracture

84
Q

Internal callus

A

formed by the chondrocytes from the endosteum

secretions of fibrocartilaginous matrix from the chondrocytes between the two ends of bone

85
Q

External callus

A

formed by the periosteal chondrocytes and osteoblasts around the outside of the break

stabilized the fracture

hyaline cartilage and bone

86
Q

Calcium

A

needed to from hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its hardness

87
Q

Vitamin D

A

needed for calcium absorption

88
Q

Vitamin K

A

supports bone mineralization

89
Q

Magnesium and flouride

A

structural component of bone

90
Q

omega-3 fatty acids

A

reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function

90
Q

NRSGHypocalcemia

A

abnormally low levels of calcium

results in problems with blood coagulation, muscle contraction, nerve functioning, and bone strength

91
Q

Calcium homeostasis

A

maintaining a blood calcium level of about 10 mg/dL

92
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

abnormally high levels of calcium

lethargy, sluggish reflexes, constipation, loss of appetite, confusion, coma

93
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back

protects the brain spinal cord, heart, and lungs

consists of 80 bones

94
Q

Skull

A

formed by 22 bones

95
Q

Vertebral column

A

consists of 24 bone, called vertebra (mobile)

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

plus the sacrum and coccyx (fused)

96
Q

Thoracic cage

A

12 pairs of ribs and the sternum

97
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs

126 bones

98
Q

Cranium

A

skull

is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case (cranial vault)

99
Q

Mandible

A

lower jaw

the only moveable bone of the skull

99
Q

Brain case

A

surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures

formed by 8 bones

100
Q

Orbit

A

bony socket that houses the eyeball and the muscles that move the eye

101
Q

supraorbital margin

A

upper margin of the anterior orbit

102
Q

supraorbital foramen

A

near the middle of the supraorbital margin is a small opening

provides passage of a sensory nerve to the skin of the forehead

103
Q

Infraorbital foramen

A

below the orbit

point of emergence for a sensory nerve that supplies the anterior face below the orbit

104
Q

Nasal septum

A

divides the nasal cavity into halves

105
Q

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

A

upper portion of the nasal septum

106
Q

Vomer bone

A

lower portion of the nasal septum

107
Q

Inferior nasal concha

A

a bony plate projecting from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity

108
Q

middle nasal concha

A

located just above the inferior nasal concha

part of the ethmoid bone

109
Q

superior nasal concha

A

much smaller than the other two

located laterally to the perpendicular plate in the upper nasal cavity

110
Q

Zygomatic arch

A

bony arch on the side of the skull that spans from the area of cheek to just above the ear canal

formed by the junction of two bony processes

111
Q

temporal process of the zygomatic bone

A

the cheekbone

112
Q

zygomatic process of the temporal bone

A

longer posterior portion of the zygomatic arch

113
Q

temporal fossa

A

above the zygomatic arch is a shallow space

114
Q

infratemporal fossa

A

below the zygomatic arch

115
Q

calvaria

A

skullcap

rounded top of the skull

116
Q

cranial fossa’s

A

anterior cranial fossa

middle cranial fossa

posterior cranial fossa

from anterior to posterior the fossae increase in depth

117
Q
A

BIOL 131 Lecture and Lab (3 decks)

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