BIO Lab Final Study Guide

Question 1

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 1

The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

Question 2

Organisms that use photosynthesis

Answer 2

Plants, algae, and certain bacteria.

Question 3

Chloroplast

Answer 3

A specialized organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Question 4

Chlorophyll

Answer 4

A pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Question 5

Chemical equations for photosynthesis

Answer 5

Photosynthesis:
(6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light energy \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2)

Question 6

Chemical equations for cellular respiration

Answer 6

Cellular Respiration:
(C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP)

Question 7

Stomata

Answer 7

Small openings or pores on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange (CO2 intake and oxygen release) and water regulation.

Question 8

Where are stomata located?

Answer 8

Typically found on the underside of leaves.

Question 9

Cellular Respiration vs. Photosynthesis

Answer 9

Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy (ATP) in cells, while photosynthesis is the process of producing glucose using light energy.

Question 10

Interphase

Answer 10

The phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division.

Question 11

Stages of mitosis

Answer 11

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

Question 12

Details about each stage of mitosis (Prophase)

Answer 12

Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down.

Question 13

Details about each stage of mitosis (Metaphase)

Answer 13

Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the center of the cell.

Question 14

Details about each stage of mitosis (Anaphase)

Answer 14

Anaphase: Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Question 15

Details about each stage of mitosis (Telophase)

Answer 15

Telophase: Chromosomes de-condense, nuclear envelope reforms.

Question 16

Cells undergoing mitosis

Answer 16

Somatic cells (body cells) undergo mitosis for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Question 17

Plant mitosis vs. animal mitosis

Answer 17

Plant cells have a cell plate formation during cytokinesis, while animal cells have a cleavage furrow.

Question 18

End/final results of mitosis and meiosis

Answer 18

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells; meiosis results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the genetic material.

Question 19

Stages of meiosis

Answer 19

Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I) and Meiosis II (similar to mitosis but with half the chromosome number).

Question 20

Genes

Answer 20

Genes: Units of heredity.

Question 21

Alleles

Answer 21

Alleles: Different forms of a gene.

Question 22

Genotype

Answer 22

Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.

Question 23

Phenotype

Answer 23

Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism.

Question 24

Homozygous

Answer 24

Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a trait.

Question 25

Heterozygous

Answer 25

Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a trait.

Question 26

Dominant gene

Answer 26

Dominant gene: A gene that masks the effect of the recessive gene.

Question 27

Recessive gene

Answer 27

Recessive gene: A gene whose effect is masked by the dominant gene.

Question 28

What is DNA?

Answer 28

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic instructions.

Question 29

Components of nucleotides

Answer 29

Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base.

Question 30

Four nitrogenous bases and base pairing

Answer 30

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) (A pairs with T, G pairs with C).

Question 31

Purines

Answer 31

Purines: Adenine and Guanine (double-ring structure).

Question 32

Pyrimidines

Answer 32

Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine (single-ring structure).

Question 33

Backbone of DNA

Answer 33

Sugar-phosphate backbone.

Question 34

What is gel electrophoresis?

Answer 34

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size and charge.

Question 35

Importance and use of electrophoresis

Answer 35

Used in DNA profiling, paternity testing, forensics, and research.

Question 36

Reagents/materials used

Answer 36

Gel, buffer solution, DNA samples, DNA ladder/markers.

Question 37

Reagents/materials and their functions (Gel)

Answer 37

Gel: Provides a medium for DNA separation.

Question 38

Reagents/materials and their functions (Buffer solution)

Answer 38

Buffer solution: Conducts electricity and maintains pH.

Question 39

Reagents/materials and their functions (DNA samples)

Answer 39

DNA samples: Material to be separated.

Question 40

Reagents/materials and their functions (DNA ladder/markers)

Answer 40

DNA ladder/markers: For size comparison.

Question 41

Mechanism of electrophoresis

Answer 41

DNA fragments are loaded into wells in the gel and subjected to an electric field, causing them to migrate based on size and charge.

Question 42

Positioning of wells

Answer 42

Wells are usually at one end of the gel.

Question 43

Micropipette used

Answer 43

Micropipette: A precision tool used to transfer small volumes of liquid accurately.

Question 44

Proper usage of a micropipette

Answer 44

Calibrate the micropipette, set the desired volume, aspirate the liquid, dispense accurately, and handle with care to avoid contamination.