Bio Lec Exam 3 Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
1
A
TRUE
This is a true statement: The first event in
the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon
dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule,
which forms a six-carbon molecule that
immediately breaks down into two 3PG
molecules.
2
Q
2
A
2) TRUE
This is a true statement: The first event in
the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon
dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule,
which is a reaction assisted by large
quantities of RuBP carboxylase enzyme.
3
Q
3
A
3) TRUE
This is a true statement. The first event in
the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon
dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule,
which decreases cell carbon dioxide levels,
which increases the diffusion gradient.
4
Q
4
A
4) FALSE
This is a false statement. The first event in
the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon
dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule,
but this six-carbon sugar is not immediately
used to produce starch, sucrose, cellulose,
etc.
5
Q
5
A
5) TRUE
It is true that fossil fuels are full of energy
stored from photosynthesis millions of years
ago.
6
Q
6
A
6) FALSE
It is not true that the light-dependent
reactions of photosynthesis occur in the
stroma of the chloroplast. These reactions
occur in the thylakoid membranes.
7
Q
7
A
7) FALSE
Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis more
specifically occurs in chloroplasts.
8
Q
8
A
8) FALSE
Photorespiration is a process that occurs in
the presence of light when there is high
oxygen and low carbon dioxide
concentrations in leaves. Oxygen is taken
up, combines with RuBP, and produces one
molecule of 3PG and carbon dioxide.
9
Q
9
A
9) TRUE
It is true that plants in hot, dry climates
conduct metabolism and are desert plants.
10
Q
10
A
10) TRUE
It is true that phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxylase fixes carbon dioxide to PEP to
form oxaloacetate within mesophyll cells of
the plants.
11
Q
11
A
11) FALSE
This is not a true statement. Oxygen is the
final electron acceptor in the electron
transport chain which is located in the
cristae of the mitochondria. Glycolysis is an
anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol
of the cell.
12
Q
12
A
12) TRUE
It is true that fermentation follows glycolysis
in some cells when oxygen is not available.
13
Q
13
A
13) FALSE
Each molecule of NADH produced in the
mitochondria provides the energy for three
ATP molecules.
14
Q
14
A
14) TRUE
It is true that the breakdown of glucose in
cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction.
15
Q
15
A
15) TRUE
It is true that fermentation is the process that
produces bubbles of carbon dioxide that
makes bread dough rise.
16
Q
16
A
16) TRUE
It is true that chloroplasts perform
photosynthesis and photosynthesis is the
most common anabolic process on the
planet.
17
Q
17
A
17) TRUE
It is true that viruses and chemical exposure
can cause mutations in proto-oncogenes
which can lead to cancer.
18
Q
18
A
18) TRUE
It is true that the enzymes that bring about
apoptosis are called caspases.
19
Q
19
A
19) TRUE
It is true that the enzymes that bring about
apoptosis are ordinarily held in check by
inhibitors.
20
Q
20
A
20) TRUE
It is true that the enzymes that bring about
apoptosis can be unleashed by internal or
external signals.
21
Q
21
A
21) FALSE
The enzymes that bring about apoptosis are
always present in the cell, but are controlled
by internal and external signals.
22
Q
22
A
22) FALSE
It is not true that cloning can only be carried
out using adult stem cells. Embryonic stem
cells can be used as well.
23
Q
23
A
23) TRUE
It is true that normal cells exhibit contact
inhibition, but cancer cells do not.
24
Q
24
A
24) TRUE
It is true that, generally, brain and nerve
cells are not able to regenerate after injury
because they have left the cell cycle and are
unable to return.
25
25
25) FALSE
It is not true that organisms produced as a
result of mitosis exhibit a great deal of
genetic variation.
26
26
26) [A, C, D]
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the
carotenoids are all common photosynthetic
pigments used by plants. Chlorophyll c is a
common pigment found in aquatic marine
algae.
27
27
27) [A, B, D]
G3P, the end product of the Calvin cycle,
can be used by the plant to make glucose,
sucrose, starch, cellulose, glycerol, and fatty
acids as well as amino acids. Carbon dioxide
and NADPH are not made from G3P.
28
28
28) [A, B, C, E]
plants store carbon dioxide temporarily as
oxaloacetate because plants separate
carbon fixation from the Calvin cycle. By
doing this, plants experience lower levels
of photorespiration as compared to plants.
plants are adapted to hot, dry climates.
29
29
29) [A, B]
Plants rely on the light reactions to split
water (which releases ), and generate ATP
and NADPH. Without the light reactions,
would not be released and ATP and NADPH
production would cease. Ultimately, the
Calvin cycle would produce G3P in much
smaller quantities.
30
30
30) [B, C, D]
During photosynthesis, water is split,
releasing oxygen as a waste product, at the
beginning of photosystem II (which
precedes photosystem I). The photosystems
are part of the light reactions.
31
31
31) [A, B, D]
If the stomata remained closed all day, gases
would not be exchanged. Therefore carbon
dioxide levels within the leaf would
decrease and oxygen levels would increase.
As a result, photorespiration would increase
in plants. CAM plants would be unaffected
because they have adapted to living in hot,
dry climates and they normally keep their
stomata closed during the day. Since water
enters a plant through the roots rather than
the stomata, closing the stomata would not
result in a decrease in the amount of water
within the leaf.
32
32
32) [A, C, E]
Photorespiration is a process that occurs in
the presence of light when there is high
oxygen and low carbon dioxide
concentrations in leaves. Oxygen is taken
up, combines with RuBP, and produces one
molecule of 3PG and eventually produces
carbon dioxide.
33
33
33) B
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the
electron transport chain.
34
34
34) [B, E, F]
Fermentation permits cells to produce ATP
under anaerobic conditions. The process of
fermentation follows glycolysis. It reduces
pyruvate to either lactate (in animals) or
alcohol (in plants and yeast) and oxidizes
NADH to . The is then used for
glycolysis.
35
35
35) [A, B, C]
It is true that animal cells have centrioles but
plant cells do not. Both plant and animal
cells grow via mitosis and both undergo
cytokinesis, but animals cell pinch into two
daughter cells while plant cells divide by the
formation of a new cell plate.
36
36
36) [A, D, E]
Mitosis is the process that divides the
contents of the nucleus (the chromosomes)
during the cell cycle. Mitosis starts with a
diploid parent cell and ends with two diploid
daughter cells. These daughter cells are
genetically identical (in chromosome
number and genes) to the original parent cell
but may differ in size and number of
organelles. Mitosis is also the process that
allows for growth in a multicellular
organism.
37
37
37) [A, C]
Both benign and malignant tumors are forms
of abnormal cell growth. Malignant tumors
can grow large and metastasize while benign
tumors tend to be small and stay in one
place. A benign tumor can become a
malignant tumor if it accumulates enough
mutations and it can no longer control the
cell cycle.
38
38
38) [A, B, C]
DNA compaction begins when DNA is
wound around histone proteins giving it the
appearance of a string of beads. DNA is then
folded into a zigzag pattern before being
formed into radial loops. The DNA is not
cut into smaller pieces.
39
39
39) [A, B, D]
In areas where genes need to be transcribed,
the chromatin would be loosely coiled
(euchromatin). Heterochromatin is more
tightly coiled and contains DNA that is not
being transcribed. During mitosis, the DNA
must be tightly compacted in order to move
it around the cell. Most chromosomes have
some areas that are loosely compacted and
some areas that are tightly compacted.
40
40
40) [C, D]
The enzymes that bring about apoptosis,
called caspases, are always present in the
cell. The enzymes are ordinarily held in
check by inhibitors, but they can be
unleashed by either internal or external
signals.
41
41
41) [B, C, E]
Both embryonic and adult stem cells can be
used in therapeutic cloning which is the
production of tissues that may be used to
cure illnesses. Only embryonic stem cells
can be used for reproductive cloning which
is the production of a new individual
organism.
42
42
42) [C, D]
Contact inhibition cases normal cells to stop
dividing when they come into contact with
neighboring cells. It is not functioning in
cancer cells which allows them to continue
growing on top of one another and form a
tumor.
43
43
43) [A, D]
Nerve cells and muscle cells are typically in
a stage called G0 in which they have left
interphase and are not preparing to divide.
For this reason these tissue types usually do
not regenerate after injury.
44
44
44) D
Plants are green because they absorb all of
the colors in the visible light spectrum
except the green wavelengths. The green
wavelengths are reflected off the plant and
are available for our eyes to see.
45
45
45) C
The products of photosynthesis are
carbohydrate and oxygen. The oxygen is
produced as a waste product during the light
reactions, while the carbohydrate is the end
product of the Calvin cycle.
46
46
46) D
Plants, algae, and some bacteria are capable
of photosynthesis.
47
47
47) A
Photorespiration occurs mainly in plants.
48
48
48) C
RuBP carboxylase catalyzes the reaction
that fixes carbon dioxide to RUBP at the
beginning of the Calvin cycle.
49
49
49) D
Stroma is the central fluid-filled space of the
chloroplast. This word can easily be
confused with the term "stoma," a pore on
the underside of a leaf that facilitates the
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
50
50
50) C
Grana refers to a stack of thylakoid
membranes.
51
51
51) E
The hydrogen protons in the thylakoid space
move from the thylakoid space to the stroma
through an ATP synthase complex that
generates ATP.
52
52
52) A
The chloroplast is the structure that makes
an organism an autotroph.
53
53
53) E
The noncyclic electron pathway does not
produce carbohydrates through carbon
dioxide fixation. This happens in the Calvin
Benson cycle.
54
54
54) C
Carbon dioxide fixation is most closely
associated with the Calvin cycle.
55
55
55) C
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is a
product of the Calvin cycle that is used to
form glucose phosphate, amino acids or
fatty acids.
56
56
56) A
The major enzyme that "fixes" carbon
dioxide is RuBP carboxylase (rubisco). PEP
carboxylase is an enzyme used in
photosynthesis to help minimize the effects
of photorespiration. G3P is the end product
of the Calvin cycle, not an enzyme. Lactate
dehydrogenase is an enzyme involved in
cellular respiration rather than
photosynthesis.
57
57
57) C
The function of sunlight in photosynthesis is
to excite electrons within the chlorophyll a
molecule located in the reaction center of a
photosystem.
58
58
58) A
59
59
59) C
A product of photosynthesis, glucose, is the
chief source of energy for most organisms.
60
60
60) B
61
61
61) A
While C4 plants have carbon dioxide
fixation and carbon dioxide uptake separated
by location within the plant, CAM plants
have these processes separated by time.
62
62
62) A
If narrow bands of unicolored light were
shown on an aquatic plant such as Elodea,
the number of bubbles of oxygen produced
could be counted as an indicator of
photosynthetic rate. A graph of
photosynthetic activity would appear just
like the action spectrum with peaks at
violet/blue and orange/red and a trough at
yellow/green.
63
63
63) C
When the chlorophyll is packaged inside
chloroplasts and the red or blue light is
turned on, there is no fluorescence because
the excited electrons are transferred to
electron acceptors in the chloroplast.
64
64
64) D
65
65
65) A
66
66
66) A
The energized electrons are taken up by
NADP+ to produce NADPH.
67
67
67) A
During the Calvin cycle, the is absorbed
and reduced
68
68
68) B
The first event in the Calvin cycle is the
attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-
carbon RuBP molecule, which forms a six-
carbon molecule that immediately breaks
down into two 3PG molecules.1
69
69
69) B
The reaction to add carbon dioxide to RuBP
is unusually slow. It processes only a few
molecules of substrate per second compared
to thousands per second for a typical
enzyme.
70
70
70) C
After carbon dioxide binds to RuBP it
immediately breaks down into two
molecules of 3PG.
71
71
71) A
The source of the energy in fossil fuels is
photosynthesis that occurred millions of
years ago.
72
72
72) C
The light dependent reactions of
photosynthesis occur in the thylakoids of the
chloroplasts.
73
73
73) D
Chemiosmotic production of ATP occurs via
the enzyme ATP synthase which is located
in the thylakoid membrane of the
chloroplast.
74
74
74) C
C4 plants are adapted to areas with high
temperatures, high light intensities, and low
moisture such as deserts. You would not
expect to find them in moist places like
rainforests or cool places like temperate
forests.
75
75
75) B
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
(PEPCase) fixes carbon dioxide (C1) to PEP
(C3) to form oxaloacetate (C4) within
mesophyll cells of the C4 plants.
76
76
76) B
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. The citric
acid cycle, preparatory reaction, and the
electron transport system are in the
mitochondria.
77
77
77) D
Complete oxidative breakdown of glucose
results in the production of 36-38 ATP
molecules.
78
78
78) C
The preparatory reaction converts pyruvates
into acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide.
79
79
79) D
The first reaction in the citric acid cycle is
binding acetyl CoA to a C4 molecule.
80
80
80) D
About 32–39% of the energy in glucose is
transferred to ATP in aerobic cellular
respiration.
81
81
81) B
The first phase of cellular respiration is
glycolysis.
82
82
82) A
The citric acid cycle produces both NADH
and FADH2.
83
83
83) D
Fermentation produces alcohol or lactate.
84
84
84) C
The electron transport system reduces
molecular oxygen to water.
85
85
85) A
There are 6 carbons entering glycolysis in
the form of glucose and 6 carbons leave in
the form of 2 (3 carbon) pyruvates.
86
86
86) B
The electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis produce 3 ATP from each
NADH and/or 2 ATP from each FADH2
entering the system.
87
87
87) B
One turn of the citric acid cycle produces 3
NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP.
88
88
88) A
Acetyl CoA is produced from pyruvate and a CoA.
89
89
89) D
The majority of the carbon dioxide we
exhale is produced in the citric acid cycle.
90
90
90) B
Degradative reactions can drive anabolism.
The ATP produced during catabolic
processes can drive anabolism and the
metabolites making up the pathways can be
used as substrates for synthetic reactions.
91
91
91) D
For fatty acids to enter the citric acid cycle
of aerobic respiration, the fatty acids must
be converted to acetyl groups.
92
92
92) C
Adult humans cannot synthesize nine out of
the twenty common amino acids.
93
93
93) D
The amino acids we cannot synthesize are
called essential because we must include
them in our diets.
94
94
94) B
ATP synthase catalyzes the reaction ADP +
P ATP as H+ flows down a gradient from
the intermembrane space into the matrix.
95
95
95) C
96
96
96) B
97
97
97) E
98
98
98) D
99
99
99) A
100
100
100) D
All of the choices are advantages of
fermentation.
101
101
101) D
A is amino acids; B is glucose; C is
glycerol; D is fatty acids
102
102
102) D
103
103
103) B
Compared with other the components in a
plant cell, the mitochondria would be the
only one that would use significant amounts
of oxygen.
104
104
104) A
105
105
105) A
The correct sequence for aerobic metabolic
breakdown of glucose is glycolysis—
preparatory reaction—citric acid cycle—
electron transport system.
106
106
106) C
Some desert beetles can live without ever
drinking liquid water. They survive on
"metabolic water," which is formed as a
result of the reduction of oxygen as the final
electron acceptor in the electron transport
chain.
107
107
107) A
FAD will accept two electrons and two
hydrogen ions during the oxidation of
glucose.
108
108
108) A
The carbon molecules are broken down from
a 3-carbon to a 2-carbon acetyl group and a
1-carbon CO2 is released.
109
109
109) A
There is an input of 6 carbons (glucose) and
an output of 6 carbons (2 pyruvates) during
glycolysis.
110
110
110) A
2 ATP are invested and 4 ATP are harvested
to produce a net gain of 2 ATP during
glycolysis.
111
111
111) B
Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. The citric
acid cycle, preparatory reaction, and the
electron transport system are in the
mitochondria.
112
112
112) C
The oxidation of one molecule of NADH
provides enough energy to produce three
molecules of ATP.
113
113
113) D
Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that
promote the normal cell cycle and prevent
apoptosis.
114
114
114) A
The growth of new blood vessels into
cancerous tissue is called angiogenesis.
115
115
115) D
All of the choices are correct about
apoptosis.
116
116
116) B
The region that contains the genetic
information in a bacterial cell is called the
nucleoid.
117
117
117) D
Virtually all specialized cells of
multicellular organisms have the same
amount of DNA and the same number of
chromosomes as all other cells of the
organism and develop from the same basic
stem cells.
118
118
118) B
If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, each
daughter cell have 48 chromosomes after
mitosis and cytokinesis.
119
119
119) D
All of the choices are true. Interphase
occupies the majority of the cell cycle,
includes G1, S, and G2 stages and results in
an increase in cell size.
120
120
120) D
Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of both
DNA and protein, may occur as chromatin,
and contain histones responsible for
packaging DNA to fit into a small space. All choices are correct.
121
121
121) D
Since male honeybees are haploid, they have
half the amount of chromosomes (and DNA)
than female honeybees. Male honeybees are
functional organisms even though they are haploid.
122
122
122) E
A cell would not pass the G1 checkpoint if
its DNA is damaged or if the cell needs to
enter the G0 phase. A cell would not be able
to pass the G2 checkpoint if the DNA had
not finished replication.
123
123
123) C
124
124
124) D
The function of mitosis includes all of the
choices: growth and repair, to ensure that
each new cell receives a complete set of
genetic material, and asexual reproduction in
some species.
125
125
125) A
It is not true that there is only one
chromosome of each type in each body cell.
There are two chromosomes of each kind,
one maternal and one paternal chromosome.
126
126
126) D
The diploid (2n) number of chromosomes
for humans is 46.
127
127
127) A
The haploid (n) number of chromosomes for
humans is 23.
128
128
128) D
The correct sequences of stages in the cell
cycle is: G1, S, G2, M.
129
129
129) A
Erythrocytes leave the cell cycle in a G0
phase, after exiting the G1 phase.
130
130
130) D
Growth signals must be present, there must
be a sufficient supply of nutrients, and DNA
must be free of damage before a cell can
proceed through the G1 checkpoint.
131
131
131) C
The critical checkpoints occur when the cell
moves from G1 to S and G2 to M stage.
132
132
132) B
During the G1 stage of the cell cycle, the
focus is on cell growth, replication of
organelles, and the accumulation of
materials needed for DNA synthesis.
133
133
133) E
Since nerve and muscle cells typically do
not divide, they are in the G0 phase of the
cell cycle.
134
134
134) C
The sequence of the mitotic stages is:
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase.
135
135
135) B
If mitosis occurs without cytokinesis, then
the cell will be multinucleated.
136
136
136) B
In anaphase, chromatids split apart and
move to opposite poles.
137
137
137) C
138
138
138) C
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from
animal cells because the Golgi apparatus
produces vesicles that migrate along
microtubules and fuse to become a cell plate.
139
139
139) D
Binary fission in bacteria differs from
mitosis because the chromosome copies
attach to the plasma membrane and are
pulled apart by cell growth, the chromosome
is a simple DNA strand without complex
proteins, there is no spindle formation, and
there is no nuclear membrane to break down
and rebuild. A, B, and C are true.
140
140
140) D
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes,
cause cancer, and stimulate uncontrolled cell
divisions. They are not tumor suppressor
genes.
141
141
141) B
142
142
142) B
It is not true that cancer cells become
organized in a single layer. Cancer cells are
disorganized and occur in multiple layers.
143
143
143) B
This is most readily explained as metastasis
occurring more commonly in organs that
have a filter effect.
144
144
144) E
Apoptosis refers to cell death, can be
programmed, and is essential to normal
development.
145
145
145) B
The purpose of therapeutic cloning is to
produce specialized tissue cells.
146
146
146) D
The cell is in anaphase.
147
147
147) C
This is metaphase. The chromosomes are all
at the metaphase plate.
148
148
148) A
The event that signals the start of anaphase
is division of the centromeres to separate
sister chromatids, giving rise to two
daughter chromosomes.
149
149
149) A
150
150
150) A
The correct steps are: 1. attachment of
chromosome to the plasma membrane, 2.
enlargement of cell volume, 3. DNA
replication occurs, 4. cell elongates and
chromosomes are pulled apart, 5. a new cell
wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in
half.
151
151
151) A
152
152
152) D
Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that
promote the normal cell cycle and prevent
apoptosis.
153
153
153) D
All of the choices are correct about
apoptosis.
154
155
155) C
Contact inhibition causes normal cells to
stop dividing after coming into contact with
a neighboring cell.
155
154
154) D
All of the choices are correct. Angiogenesis,
which is directed by additional mutations, is
the growth of blood vessels into the tumor.
It brings nutrients and oxygen to a tumor.
156
156
156) B
Organisms produced by mitosis would
essentially be clones of their parents because
mitosis does not include any means to create
genetic diversity. The daughter cells are
genetically identical to the parent cells.
Meiosis, on the other hand, produces genetic
variability in the daughter cells.
157
157
157)
A is a reduction. Carbon dioxide is reduced,
with the gain of electrons and hydrogen ions
to form carbohydrates. B is an oxidation.
Water is oxidized to form oxygen, with the
loss of hydrogen ions and electrons. ATP
energy is required, as is the redox coenzyme
NADP.
158
158
158) Short Answer
A. Sister chromatids
B. Centromeres
C. Kinetochore
D. As the sister chromatids separate, they
are called daughter chromosomes.
E. The kinetochores link each sister
chromatid to the mitotic spindle
159
159
159) Short Answer
A. "A" is the cleavage furrow.
B. Cytokinesis is occurring.
C. This is an animal cell, which is forming a contractile ring in the process of cytokinesis. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, are not as
flexible as animal cells and do not form cleavage furrows. Plant cells form cell plates and lay down new cell walls between the daughter cells during cytokinesis
160
164
164) Section Break
161
164.1
164.1)
A is water
162
164.2
164.2) B is oxygen
163
164.3
164.3) C is Carbon Dioxide
164
164.4
164.4) D is carbohydrate
165
164.6
164.5) E is NADP
166
164.5
164.6) F is NADPH
167
164.7
164.7) H is ATP
168
164.8
164.8) G is ADP
169
165
165) Section Break
170
165.1
165.1) TRUE
It is true that glycolysis occurs before
fermentation.
171
165.2
165.2) TRUE
It is true that glycolysis occurs before the
preparatory reaction and the citric acid
cycle.
172
165.3
165.3) FALSE
It is not true that glycolysis will yield a net
of 2 ATP only during aerobic respiration. It
can also yield a net of 2 ATP during
anaerobic respiration.
173
165.4
165.4) FALSE
It is not true that glycolysis produces 1
pyruvate and 3 NADH coenzymes. It
produces 2 pyruvates and 2 NADH.
174
165.5
165.5) TRUE
It is true that glycolysis is a catabolic
process.
175
165.6
165.6) [A, D, E]
Glycolysis is a catabolic reaction that occurs
before fermentation (under anaerobic
conditions), the preparatory reaction and the
citric acid cycle. It does not require oxygen
to occur and produces a net 2 ATP and 2
NADH molecules with or without oxygen
present. The product of the reaction is 2
pyruvate molecules
