Bio Lecture 10

Question 1

_______ – largest and most superior part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres separated by a longitudinal fissure

Answer 1

Cerebrum

Question 2

_______ – second largest part of the brain, inferior to the cerebrum

Answer 2

Cerebellum

Question 3

_________– all of the brain except the cerebrum and cerebellum

Major components include the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon

Answer 3

Brainstem

Question 4

_______ matter lacks myelin and forms a surface layer called a cortex over the cerebrum and cerebellum

Answer 4

Grey

Question 5

_______ matter forms deeper masses called nuclei surrounded by white matter

Answer 5

Grey

Question 6

_______ matter contains myelin and lies deep to the cortical gray matter in most of the brain

(opposite the pattern of grey and white matter in the spinal cord)

Answer 6

White

Question 7

___ ______ – different from the dura mater in the spinal cord in that there are two layers of dura mater

Answer 7

Dura mater in meninges

Question 8

The ________ layer adheres to the inside of the cranium

Answer 8

periosteal

Question 9

The ________ layer lies within and continues into the vertebral canal

There is no epidural space in the cranium

Answer 9

meningeal

Question 10

______ – transparent membrane over the brain surface between the dura mater and pia mater

Answer 10

Arachnoid

Question 11

___ _____ – thin delicate membrane that closely follows all the contours of the brain surface, even dipping into the grooves (sulci)

Answer 11

Pia mater

Question 12

The brain has 4 fluid-filled chambers

There are two_____ ______, each of which forms an arc in a cerebral hemisphere

There is a third ventricle near the _____ of the cerebrum

There is a fourth ventricle _____ to the cerebellum

Answer 12

lateral ventricles

center

anterior

Question 13

On the floor or wall of each ventricle there is a ______ ______

Answer 13

choroid plexus

Question 14

The choroid plexus is a ______ ____ of blood capillaries

Answer 14

spongy mass

Question 15

The choroids plexus produces some _________ fluid; the rest of the fluid comes from the lining of the ventricles or from the subarachnoid space

Answer 15

cerebrospinal

Question 16

_______ _____ is a clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of the CNS and bathes its external surface

It is formed by filtration of blood plasma

Answer 16

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

_______ ___ chemically modify the filtrate as it passes through them into the ventricles and subarachnoid space

Answer 17

Ependymal cells

Question 18

_______ – because the brain and CSF are similar in density, the brain neither sinks nor floats

Answer 18

Buoyancy

Question 19

_______– CSF protects the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted

Answer 19

Protection

Question 20

_______ _______ – the flow of CSF rinses metabolic wastes from nervous tissue and regulates its chemical environment

Answer 20

Chemical stability

Question 21

______ is a source of bacterial toxins and other agents that can harm brain tissue

Answer 21

Blood

Question 22

The _____-____ barrier strictly regulates which substances get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain

Answer 22

blood-brain

Question 23

Anything passing from the blood into the tissue fluid has to pass through the ________ ____ themselves, which are more selective than gaps between cells

Answer 23

endothelial cells

Question 24

________ ________ -The most caudal part of the brainstem, immediately superior to the foramen magnum of the skull

Answer 24

medulla oblongata

Question 25

medulla oblongata: It connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain It regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat

Answer 25

It regulates blood pressure and flow It regulates the rate and depth of breathing

Question 26

____ - The section of the brainstem between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

Answer 26

pons

Question 27

______ is the source of most nerve fibers carrying signals from the brainstem to the cerebellum

Answer 27

pons

Question 28

Nerves from the ____ control eye movements, facial expression, chewing, and swallowing, and they receive sensory signals including taste, hearing, equilibrium, touch, and pain

Answer 28

pons

Question 29

The _______ - Large portion of the brain dorsal to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum

Answer 29

Cerebellum

Question 30

Two hemispheres are connected by a narrow bridge called the ______

Answer 30

vermis

Question 31

In sagittal section, the inner white matter, called the _____ ______, looks like a branching fern

Answer 31

arbor vitae

Question 32

The cerebellum: (5)

Answer 32

smooths muscle contractions maintains muscle tone and posture coordinates the motions of different joints with each other coordinates eye and body movement serves in learning and storing motor skills

Question 33

The _________ - Short section of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and forebrain

Answer 33

midbrain

Question 34

The midbrain contains the _______ ___________ (2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi)

Answer 34

corpora quadrigemina

Question 35

_______ ________ – functions in visual attention, such as turning the eyes and head in response to a visual stimulus

Answer 35

Superior colliculi

Question 36

_______ ________ – receives and processes auditory input from lower levels of the brainstem and relays it to other parts of the brain

Answer 36

Inferior colliculi

Question 37

the _______ ____ -Center that improves motor performance by suppressing unwanted muscle contractions

Answer 37

substantia nigra (in midbrain)

Question 38

The _______ _______ - Loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of brainstem and to many areas of the cerebrum

Answer 38

The reticular formation

Question 39

Plays roles in somatic muscle control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, consciousness, and habituation

Answer 39

The reticular formation

Question 40

The __________– includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Answer 40

diencephalon

Question 41

_______– oval mass of gray matter underlying each cerebral hemisphere Gateway to the cerebral cortex – signals going to and from the cerebrum pass through this region

Answer 41

Thalamus

Question 42

_________– sits below the thalamus and connects to the pituitary gland

Answer 42

Hypothalamus

Question 43

The Hypothalamus is involved in: (7)

Answer 43

hormone secretion autonomic effects thermoregulation food and water intake sleep and circadian rhythms emotional responses memory

Question 44

_______ – consists mostly of the pineal gland, which produces melatonin which helps regulate our sleep-wake cycle

Answer 44

Epithalamus

Question 45

The _______ – largest and most superior portion of the brain Is marked by gyri (thick folds) and sulci (depressed grooves)

Answer 45

Cerebrum

Question 46

The two hemispheres are separated by a _______ fissure At the bottom of this fissure, the hemispheres are connected by a thick “C” shaped bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

Answer 46

longitudinal

Question 47

______ lobe – behind frontal bone, concerned with cognition, speech, and motor control

Answer 47

Frontal

Question 48

______ lobe – under parietal bones, concerned with receiving and interpreting general senses as well as taste

Answer 48

Parietal

Question 49

_______ lobe – at the rear of the head, concerned with vision

Answer 49

Occipital

Question 50

_______ lobe – lateral and horizontal lobe, concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

Answer 50

Temporal

Question 51

_____– deep lobe (normally covered), plays some roles in taste, hearing, and visceral sensation

Answer 51

Insula cant see from outside

Question 52

Which Nerve? Composition: Sensory Function: Smell Origin: Olfactory mucosa in nasal cavity Termination: olfactory bulb Cranial passage: Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

Answer 52

Olfactory

Question 53

Which Nerve? Composition: Sensory Function: Vision Origin: Retina Termination: thalamus Cranial passage: Optic foramen

Answer 53

Optic

Question 54

Which Nerve? Composition: Motor with some proprioceptor fibers Function: Eye movement, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing Origin: Midbrain Termination: superior, medial, and inferior rectus; and inferior oblique eye muscles, constrictor of iris and ciliary muscles of lens Cranial passage: superior orbital fissure

Answer 54

Oculomotor

Question 55

Which Nerve? Composition: Motor with some proprioceptor fibers Function: Eye movements Origin: Midbrain Termination: Superior oblique eye muscle Cranial passage: Superior orbital fissure

Answer 55

Trochlear

Question 56

Which Nerve? Composition: Sensory Function: touch, temperature, and pain sensation in upper face Origin: superior region of face Termination: pons Cranial passage: superior orbital fissure

Answer 56

Opthalmic division of Trigeminal

Question 57

Which Nerve? Composition: sensory Function: touch, temperature, and pain sensation in lower face Origin: middle region of face Termination: pons Cranial passage: foramen rotundum

Answer 57

Maxillary division of Trigeminal

Question 58

Which Nerve? Composition: sensory and motor Function: touch, temperature, and pain sensation in lower jaw, mastication Sensory Origin: inferior region of face Sensory Termination: pons Motor Origin: Pons Motor Termination: muscles of mastication Cranial passage: Foramen ovale

Answer 58

Mandibular division of Trigeminal

Question 59

Which Nerve? Composition: Motor with some proprioceptor fibers Function: eye movements Origin: inferior pons Termination: lateral rectus Cranial passage: superior orbital fissure

Answer 59

Abducens

Question 60

Which Nerve? Composition: Mixed Function: motor nerve of facial expression, control of salivary glands, sensation of taste on anterior two-thirds of tongue Sensory Origin: Taste buds on anterior two-thirds of tongue Sensory Termination: thalamus Motor Origin: pons Motor Termination: muscle of facial expression, salivary glands Cranial passage: mastoid foramen

Answer 60

Facial

Question 61

Which Nerve? Composition: sensory Function: hearing and equilibrium Origin: inner ear Termination: pons and medulla oblongata Cranial passage: internal auditory meatus

Answer 61

Vestibulocochlear

Question 62

Which Nerve? Composition: mixed Function: swallowing, regulation of blood pressure and respiration, taste sensations on the posterior one-third of the tongue Sensory Origin: Pharynx, posterior one-third of tongue, internal carotid arteries Sensory Termination: medulla oblongata Motor Origin: Medulla oblongata Motor Termination: salivary glands, muscles of swallowing Cranial passage: jugular foramen

Answer 62

Glossopharyngeal

Question 63

Which Nerve? Composition: Mixed Function: cardiovascular and gastrointestinal regulation; sensations of hunger, fullness, and intestinal discomfort Sensory Origin: thoracic and abdominal viscera Sensory Termination: medulla oblongata Motor Origin: medulla oblongata Motor Termination: thoracic and abdominal viscera Cranial passage: jugular foramen

Answer 63

Vagus

Question 64

Which Nerve? Composition: Motor with some proprioceptive fibers Function: swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movements Origin: medulla oblongata and segments of C1-C5 Termination: Palate, pharynx, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius Cranial passage: jugular foramen

Answer 64

Accessory

Question 65

Which Nerve? Composition: Motor with some proprioceptive fibers Function: food manipulation, swallowing, speech Origin: medulla oblongata Termination: muscles of the tongue Cranial passage: hypoglossal canal

Answer 65

Hypoglossal