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Principles of Bio Med > Bio med Final Review > Flashcards

Bio med Final Review Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor and why?

A

Type O because it has no antigens

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2
Q

Which blood type is the universal acceptor and why?

A

Type AB because it has no antibodies

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3
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do Adenine and thymine have?

A

Two

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4
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine have?

A

Three

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5
Q

What are the three types of fingerprints?

A

Loop, arch, and whorl

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6
Q

What is the difference between a radial and ulnar loop?

A

Radial loops point towards the thumb side and ulnar loops point towards the pinky finger side

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Cells divide once to create identical daughter cells with 46 chromosomes (repairs damaged tissues/cells)

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

Cells divide twice to create gametes (sex cells) with 23 chromosomes

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9
Q

What are the steps of blood processing?

A

Presumptive blood test, blood typing, DNA extraction, PCR, Restriction enzyme digestion, and Gel electrophoresis

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10
Q

What are the 6 agents of disease?

A

Prion, viruses, bacteria, Protozoa (protists), Helminths, and fungi

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11
Q

Treatment for bacteria

A

Antibiotics

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12
Q

Which agents of disease are living?

A

Bacteria, fungi, Protozoa (protists), and helminths (worms)

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13
Q

Which agents of disease are non-living?

A

Viruses and prions

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14
Q

What is the most commonly used vein for phlebotomy?

A

Antecubital vein

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15
Q

What is a phlebotomy?

A

puncture into a vein to remove blood for sampling or donation

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16
Q

A blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood sample

A

Hematocrit

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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

A lipid that forms animal cell membranes and is also used to make steroids and vitamins

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18
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Actions or behaviors that cause a potential health threat

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19
Q

Protein and fat clusters that transport fats in the blood

A

Lipoproteins

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20
Q

HDL

A

High Density Lipoprotein - removes cholesterol from tissue moves it to the liver

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21
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoprotein- transports cholesterol into the cells

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22
Q

mounds of fat, mixed with minerals, that build up along artery walls that can cause blood vessel blockages

A

Plaques

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23
Q

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

A

Metabolism

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24
Q

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

A

Hormones

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25
Lymph
Watery fluid that contains high amount of WBC
26
Rales
Crackles; wet cracking noise in the lungs caused by fluid in the lungs (pneumonia)
27
Wheezing
High pitched whistling sound caused by narrow airways (asthma)
28
Stridor
Harsh, shrill sound caused by a partially obstructed windpipe (croup)
29
Rhonci
Snore-like caused sound by partially obstructed airway (bronchitis)
30
What is a good score to get on the snellen eye chart?
20/20 (you can see clearly at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 20 feet)
31
To examine by touch
Palpation
32
What is a heart murmur?
An abnormally sound from the heart caused by defects in chambers/valves (whooshing sound)
33
Protists vs. Protozoa
Protozoa are a specific type of protist
34
Which chamber does the blood enter the heart through?
The right atrium
35
What are the four vessels of the heart?
The aorta, the vena cava, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary artery
36
Which parts of the heart contain oxygenated blood?
The left atrium and ventricle
37
What makes the heart pump?
An electric current controlled by the nervous system
38
Hypotonic solution
Has a lower concentration of solute and causes water to move into cells (causing it to burst)
39
Hypertonic
Has a higher concentration of solute and causes water to move out of cells (causing shrinkage)
40
Solution
A liquid mixture with something dissolved into it
41
Solvent
A liquid substance (usually water) that a solute is dissolved into
42
Solute
A substance being dissolved into a solvent
43
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA
They hold complementary base pairs together
44
Anti-codon
A triplet of bases in tRNA that binds to a complementary codon in mRNA in a ribosome
45
Which base is absent from mRNA and tRNA and why?
Thymine because it is replaced with Uracil (a simpler and lower energy cost)
46
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
47
Transcription
Copies DNA into RNA
48
Translation
Decodes RNA into proteins
49
Where does translation occur
On ribosomes, which are located in the cytoplasm
50
Protein making machines in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
51
Genotype vs. Phenotype
genotype is the specific alleles an individual carries (ff, Ff, FF) and phenotype is physical characteristics (affected or unaffected)
52
Cause of death
The specific illness or injury that caused death (Cancer, gunshot wound, heart attack, etc.)
53
Mechanism of death
The physiological change that directly caused death (organ failure, excessive bleeding, blood clot, etc.)
54
Manner of death
One of the following categories: natural, accidental, homicidal, suicidal, and undetermined
55
Algor mortis
Cooling of the body after death- gradually cools until 24 hours after death (reaches the temp of the room the body is in)
56
Rigor mortis
Stiffening of the body after death. (Starts at 2-4 hours, sets in at 8-12, and releases at 36-48 hours)
57
What is the largest artery in the body?
The aorta
58
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
59
Things involved in specific defense?
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and antibodies
60
Things involved in non-specific defense?
Skin, inflammation, and macrophages
61
First line of defense
Physical and chemical barriers like skin, mucus, saliva, and stomach acid (Non-specific)
62
Second line of defense
Consists of fever, inflammation, and macrophages, which eliminate harmful antigens in the body (non-specific defense)
63
Third line of defense
Includes B cells (which produce antibodies) and T cells (which attack infected cells) - Specific defense
64
B lymphocyte cells
Produced in the bone marrow and found in the blood stream
65
T lymphocyte cells
Produced in the thymus and found in the tissues
66
Stem cells
Unspecialized cells found in the bone marrow that can be programmed into any cell type
67
What are the two components that are evaluated when considering a match for organ donation?
Blood typing and tissue typing
68
Tissue typing (HLA typing)
Human leukocyte antigen typing is used to determine matches for organ donation
69
How many HLAs are there and how does it determine donation success?
There are 6 antigens and the more matches between the donor and the recipient, the more likely the immune system will not attack the new cells
70
Transplanting organs from another living source into a human
Xenotransplantation
71
3D printing an organ scaffold and adding patient cells
Bioprinting
72
Strategies to stop injury, illness, or disease from occuring
Primary Prevention
73
Strategies for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment to prevent development
Secondary Prevention
74
Strategies to support and rehabilitate people with serious illness
Tertiary prevention
75
A type of white blood cells that directly destroys infected or cancerous cells
T-killer cells
76
Act as a central hub, facilitating the activity of other immune cells like B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells by releasing cytokines and other signaling molecules.
T-helper cells
77
What produces antibodies and how?
B-cells by changing into plasma cells that create large amount of antibodies specific for that antigen
78
They act by recognizing and binding to antigens (foreign substances) and marking them for destruction or neutralization
Antibodies
79
Integumentary system
The body's outermost layer consisting of skin, hair, and nails. Protects and regulates body temperature.
80
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Parietal, occipital, temporal, and frontal
81
Parietal lobe
Located behind the frontal lobe and above the temporal lobe. Responsible for spatial awareness and processing sensory information
82
Frontal lobe
Located behind the forehead and is responsible for problem solving, voluntary movement, and speech
83
Occipital lobe
Located in the back of the brain and is responsible for processing visual information
84
Why does BP drop AND blood vessels constrict in space?
Your BP drops in response to the change in gravity, so your body tries to fix this by constricting your blood vessels
85
High during periods of fasting and low after eating
Ghrelin Hormone
86
Low during periods of fasting and high after eating
PYY hormone
87
Measurable signals or predictors of disease or injury (hormones and proteins)
Biomarkers
88
Acronym for risk assesment
CLAP
89
C in CLAP
Control the situation
90
L in CLAP
Look for potential hazards
91
A in CLAP
Asses the situation
92
P in CLAP
Protect and prioritize
93
Parts of a primary assesment
General impression, MOI, spine stabilization, and ABCs
94
Parts of a secondary assesment
Rapid physical assesment, vitals, patient history, and emergency care
95
ABCs of control bleeding
Alert, bleeding, compress
96
Which side of the heart is pulmonary and why?
The right because it carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
97
Which side of the heart is systemic and why?
The left because it pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body
98
Trisomy
When a person has 3 copies of a gene instead of 2
99
Monosomy
When a person has only has 1 copy of a gene instead of 2
100
What contains the code for amino acids?
mRNA

Principles of Bio Med (11 decks)

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