Bio midterm Flashcards
Characteristics of living things
Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt
Activation energy
the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.
Enzymes
a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell.
Cell theory
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Ribosomes
an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid
What are the electron carriers associated with cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
NADH: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain. FADH2: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain
NADP: co-enzyme in cellular electron transfer reactions thereby maintaining a readily available pool of electrons to reduce oxidized compounds.
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that release the energy stored up in carbohydrates and lipids during photosynthesis and make it available to living organisms. There are four stages: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen
Krebs cycle
the main source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration.
Electron transport train
The complete cellular process consists of four pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP
M phase
Mitosis
