Bio midterm

Question 1

Characteristics of living things

Answer 1

Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt

Question 2

Activation energy

Answer 2

the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

Question 3

Enzymes

Answer 3

a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell.

Question 4

Cell theory

Answer 4

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 5

Lysosomes

Answer 5

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Question 7

Endocytosis

Answer 7

Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle

Question 8

Exocytosis

Answer 8

Exocytosis is the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid

Question 9

What are the electron carriers associated with cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Answer 9

NADH: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain. FADH2: High energy electron carrier used to transport electrons generated in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain
NADP: co-enzyme in cellular electron transfer reactions thereby maintaining a readily available pool of electrons to reduce oxidized compounds.

Question 10

Aerobic respiration

Answer 10

Aerobic respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that release the energy stored up in carbohydrates and lipids during photosynthesis and make it available to living organisms. There are four stages: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

Glycolysis

Answer 11

Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen

Question 12

Krebs cycle

Answer 12

the main source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration.

Question 13

Electron transport train

Answer 13

The complete cellular process consists of four pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient.

Question 14

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 14

Lactic acid fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP

Question 15

M phase

Answer 15

Mitosis

Question 16

Centromere

Answer 16

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

Question 17

Central dogma

Answer 17

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

Question 18

DNA nucleotide pairs

Answer 18

Adenine to thymine, cytosine to guanine

Question 19

Valence Electrons

Answer 19

Bond to form a complete outer shell

Question 20

Compound

Answer 20

2 different elements bonded

Question 21

Metric System

Answer 21

Ensures consistency in an experiment

Question 22

Lipids, Proteins, Glucose

Answer 22

Types of energy produced

Question 23

RNA nuclide pairs

Answer 23

A to uracil, C to G

Question 24

Electron microscope to light microscope

Answer 24

Electron microscopes shoot beams that produces a 3D image, while light microscopes illuminate larger organisms

Question 25

Glycolysis

Answer 25

Takes place in the Cytoplasm

Question 26

Pumps in a phospholipid bylare

Answer 26

Made up of proteins

Question 27

Stages of cellular respiration

Answer 27

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.