Bio Molecules.2

Question 1

Define a monomer and a polymer

Answer 1

Monomer- smaller unite that join together to form a polymer
E.g of monomers:
Amino acids
Monosaccharides
Nucleotides

Polymer-molecules that are formed when many monomers join together
E.g of polymers:
Polysaccharides
DNA& RNA
polypeptides(protein)

Question 2

Define a condensation and hydrolysis reaction

Answer 2

Condensation reaction - When two molecules bond together , releasing water and formint a bond

Hydrolysis- Addition of water breakd the bond of the molecule

Question 3

elements found in carbohydrates, proteins,nucleic acids

Answer 3

Carbs- C , H , O
Nucleic acids- C H O N P
Protein - C H O S N

Question 4

Key part of difference between alpha + beta glucose

Answer 4

Alpha glucose -> OH (carboxyl) group is BELOW Carbon 1

Beta glucose-> OH (carboxyl) group is ABOVE carbon 1

Question 5

Ribise

Answer 5

5 carbon structure

In the shape of a pentagon

Question 6

What type of bond forms when monosaccharides bond

Answer 6

Glycosidic bond forms when two monosaccharides bond

Form disaccharide when its two monoscahhatides bonded together , forms polysaccharide when its more than two monosaccharides

Disaccharide ,2 monosacchrides =1 chemical bond

Polysacchride , 3 or more monoscharrides = more than 1 chemical bond

Question 7

Name 3 disaccharides snd how they form

Answer 7

Maltose= glucose + glucose 
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose

C12H22O11= structure

Question 8

Describe structure + functions of starch

Answer 8

Acts as a storage molecule

Contains amylopectin, amylose

Amylopectin-
1,4 1,6 glycosidic bond
Highly branched
A lot of terminal ends for hydrolysis reactions for glucose to be released

Amylose
helix structure, so it is much more compact
1,4 glycosidic bond

Question 9

How do triglyericides form

Answer 9

Condensation reaction between 1 glyerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 10

Compare saturated and unsaturated molecules

Answer 10

Saturated-
Contains onlt single bonds
Solid
Straighr chain molecules
Higher melting point

Unsaturated fats -
Contains a double carbon bond
Kinked molecules
Liquid at room temperature
Lower melting point
Found in plant oils
Found in animal fats

Question 11

Relate to the structure of triglyericides to their functions

Answer 11

Slow conductor of heat, so it can be used for insulation

Insoluble hydrocarbon chain- no affect on rhe water potential

Question 12

Describe the funcyion and structure of cholesterol

Answer 12

Steroid structure of 4 hydrocarbon rings, hydroxl group on one side , hydrocarbon tail on the other

Helps to connect phosphipids and reduce fluidity causing stability

Question 13

General structure of an amino group

Answer 13

1amine group
1 carboxyl group
1 R variable

Question 14

How do polypeptides form

Answer 14

Condensation reaction between two amino acids form a polypeptide

Becomes a NCCNCC

Question 15

Primary structure

Answer 15

Simple sequence of amino acids within a protein

Question 16

Secondary polypeptide chain

Answer 16

Hydrogen bonds start to form between
Contains two different types

Alpha helix:
All N-H bonds are onthe same side of the protein chain
Spiral shape
H bonds are parralell to the helical axis

Beta pleated sheet:
ALL N-H and C=O groups alternate from each other

Question 17

Tertiary structure bonding

Answer 17

Disulfide bridges= strong S-S covalent bonds between the amino acid cysteine
Ionic bonds= relatively strong bonds between R charged groups, change in PH can break this apart tho lol

Hydrogen bonds = very numerous and can be easily broken, weak

Question 18

Quaternary structure

Answer 18

Functional proteins that contains more than one polypeptide
3D structure
May contain prosthetic groups, e.g metal
Has all the same bonds as tertiary structure

Disulfide bridges= Stront S-S bonds that form betwen the amino acid cysteine
Hydrogen bonding = relatively weak and nunerous
Ionic bonding = strong bonding that occurs between charged R groups, changes in PH can break this bond apart

Question 19

Describe the structure and function of globular priteins

Answer 19

Spherical snd compact
Hydrophillic r groups face outward and hydrophobic r groups face inwards

Incolved in metabolite processes e.g enzymes, insulin, haemoglobin

Question 20

Describe the structure of haemoglobin

Answer 20

Globular conjugated protein with a prosthetic group
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains, 4 prosthetic haem groups
Water soluble so it dissolves in water
Iron haem groups binds with O2
Its tertiary structure changes so it can bind easier to Oxygen

Question 21

Explain the role of fibrous proteins

Answer 21

Long chains of fibres
Insoluble in water
Useful for structure and support e.g collagen in skin

Question 22

List the functions of collagen, keratin, elastin

Answer 22

Collagen = component found in bones

Kertain= epithelial cells, main structural component found in nails, hair

Elastin= providies elasticity for connective tissues like lungs or etc