Bio Nuclein Acids

Question 1

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

Answer 1

DNA and RNA

Question 2

True or False: Amino acids are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

What is the primary function of proteins in biological systems?

Answer 3

To perform a wide range of functions including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules.

Question 4

Fill in the blank: The tpr operon is involved in the regulation of __________ synthesis.

Answer 4

tryptophan

Question 5

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of amino acids? A) Amino group B) Carboxyl group C) Phosphate group D) Side chain

Answer 5

C) Phosphate group

Question 6

What are the three main types of RNA?

Answer 6

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 7

True or False: Attenuation is a regulatory mechanism that occurs in prokaryotes.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Fill in the blank: The sequence of __________ determines the structure and function of a protein.

Answer 8

amino acids

Question 9

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Answer 9

To transfer amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Question 10

Multiple Choice: Which amino acid is considered essential and must be obtained through diet? A) Glycine B) Glutamine C) Tryptophan D) Alanine

Answer 10

C) Tryptophan

Question 11

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 11

A double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides.

Question 12

True or False: The tpr operon is regulated by both repression and attenuation.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The genetic code is read in sets of three nucleotides called __________.

Answer 13

codons

Question 14

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

Answer 14

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, while translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from RNA.

Question 15

What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?

Answer 15

To synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

Question 16

True or False: All amino acids have the same side chain.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The process of __________ involves the unwinding of DNA to allow for replication.

Answer 17

denaturation

Question 18

What is the role of the promoter region in gene expression?

Answer 18

To initiate transcription by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.

Question 19

Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome? A) rRNA B) tRNA C) mRNA D) snRNA

Answer 19

C) mRNA

Question 20

What are introns?

Answer 20

Non-coding sequences in a gene that are removed during RNA processing.

Question 21

True or False: Proteins are made up of nucleotides.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

What is the primary function of RNA polymerase?

Answer 22

To synthesize RNA from a DNA template.

Question 23

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells? A) Membrane-bound organelles B) Nucleus C) Circular DNA D) Both A and B

Answer 23

C) Circular DNA

Question 24

What is the importance of the start codon?

Answer 24

It signals the beginning of translation and codes for the amino acid methionine.

Question 25

Fill in the blank: __________ is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template.

Answer 25

Transcription

Question 26

What is attenuation in the context of gene regulation?

Answer 26

A mechanism that reduces the expression of certain genes based on the presence of specific metabolites.

Question 27

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a function of proteins? A) Enzyme catalysis B) Structural support C) Transport D) All of the above

Answer 27

D) All of the above

Question 28

True or False: mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

What is the primary function of rRNA?

Answer 29

To form the core of the ribosome's structure and catalyze protein synthesis.

Question 30

What is the process by which DNA is converted into RNA called?

Answer 30

Transcription.

Question 31

Which type of RNA is considered the 'messenger' RNA?

Answer 31

mRNA.

Question 32

True or False: Proteins are made up of long chains of nucleotides.

Answer 32

False.

Question 33

What are proteins primarily made of?

Answer 33

Amino acids.

Question 34

What is the basic structure of an amino acid?

Answer 34

An amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R group).

Question 35

What does the 'R' in the amino acid structure represent?

Answer 35

The variable side chain that determines the specific properties of each amino acid.

Question 36

In which part of the cell does translation occur?

Answer 36

At the ribosome.

Question 37

What role does the ribosome play in protein synthesis?

Answer 37

It facilitates the binding of tRNA to mRNA and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Question 38

What is the significance of the genetic code?

Answer 38

It determines how sequences of nucleotides in mRNA are translated into amino acid sequences in proteins.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: The sequence of _______ in a protein determines its structure and function.

Answer 39

amino acids.

Question 40

What are codons?

Answer 40

Sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids.

Question 41

True or False: Each amino acid is encoded by a single nucleotide.

Answer 41

False.

Question 42

What is the role of a stop codon in translation?

Answer 42

It signals the termination of protein synthesis.

Question 43

What is post-translational modification?

Answer 43

The process by which a protein undergoes changes after translation to become fully functional.

Question 44

True or False: All genes are expressed at all times in all cells.

Answer 44

False.