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Bio Quiz Review Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

Due to pathogen
Ex: malaria, HIV

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2
Q

Condition

A

inherited, in the genes, not contagious
Ex: CF, Sickle cell,PKU

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3
Q

Dominant

A

R, does masking, shows itself

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4
Q

Recessive

A

r, is masked, is hidden

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5
Q

Allele

A

alternate form of a gene (A or a)

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6
Q

Trait

A

genetically inherited phenotype (hair color)

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7
Q

Characterstic

A

version of a trait (blue, brown, blond)

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8
Q

Genetic Screening

A

separate and identify individuals from a population

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9
Q

Amniocentesis

A

16 weeks, fluid from amnion, 1/200 miscarriage risk, may get mom cells

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10
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

10 weeks, chorion from placenta, high risk, stronger sample of fetal tissue

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11
Q

CFTR

A

Protein that allows passage of CL outside the cell. It is mutated or absent in CF, therefore, decrease in H2O leaving the cells= thick secretions on outside of cells of lungs, pancreas, small intestine- blocked with mucus

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12
Q

Nature

A

Genetics: Skin color, Sex, Height, Thrill Seeking

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13
Q

Nurture

A

Language Spoken

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14
Q

Nature & Nurture

A

Musculature, Behavior

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15
Q

High amount of MAO

A

low thrill seeking (inverse)

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16
Q

Low amount of MAO

A

High thrill seeking (inverse)

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17
Q

MAO

A

monoamine oxidase (Thrill seeking)

18
Q

Why are Identical Twins good for research?

A

Same DNA, Nature v. Nurture

19
Q

Pure chance

A

All occurrences have an equal opportunity of occurring
EX: Coin Flip, rolling dice
NOT EX: NFL- Skill

20
Q

Pt

A

= # of times a choice can occur/total number of alternatives

21
Q

Pe

A

= # of occurrences of a choice/total # of occurrences

22
Q

1st Law of probability

A

One occurrence on a purely chance situation has no effect on late occurrence
EX: Coin flip stays 50/50 even after a flip

23
Q

2nd Law of probability

A

Theoretical Probability,
The probability of simultaneous chance events occurring is equal to the product (Multiply) of the two probabilities of the events taken separately
Suit Prob X # Prob

24
Q

Theoretical Probability

A

of times a choice can occur/ total # of alternatives

25
Experimental Probability
of occurrences of choice/total of all occurrences
26
Sickle Cell Anemia Inheritance ,Cause, Signs and symptoms
Codominant RR: normal, no sickles RS: sickle cell trait, few sickles SS: sickle disease, all sickles due to a defective gene Change in 1 amino acid-> changes whole hemoglobin protein shape Pain, fatigue, anemia, organ damage (Spleen and heart), Death
27
Sickle Cell Anemia: Diagnosis, Treatment,Incidence
Blood Test Amniocentesis CVS: Chorionic villus sampling Blood transfusions, pain killers, bone marrow transplants, stem cells African Americans-> 1/13 are carriers-> 1/365 affected Heterozygote advantage: plasmodium lives in RBC. Sickling has advantage to malaria resistance
28
Jean Lamarck
1809 Theory of Use and Disuse Acquired characteristics Evolution right, mechanism wrong!
29
Evolution
Changes in populations over time
30
Natural selection
Differential success in survival and reproduction of individuals with different phenotypes resulting from interactions with their environment
31
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics/probability
32
Charles Darwin
Theory of evolution by natural selection, was the first to propose a feasible mechanism for evolution
33
VISTA
Variation- there are a variety of forms of traits or phenotypes Inheritance- only traits that are determined by an organism’s genes will be passed to the next generation, some variation is caused by environment (limb loss/building of the muscle), these traits are not heritable Selection/Survival and reproduction- individuals compete for limited resources, such as food shelter, and mates. Individuals with traits best adapted for the environment are able to out compete other individuals for resources, allowing them to survive and reproduce more. Time/Transmission- evolution occurs over generation Adaptations- an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing. Over time, natural selections cause adaptations to become more common in a population
34
What causes genetic variation?
Mutations- changes in the DNA sequence can result in new traits Sexual reproduction- new combinations of traits can be created in gametes due to crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis The wide variety of gametes created will join together to make diverse offspring
35
Survival of the fittest
Evolutionary fitness isn’t a measure of physical fitness but reproductive fitness
36
Fitness
Relative ability to survive and produce fertile offspring in an environment
37
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Cause Symptoms Inheritance Treatment Prevention
Cause: defective gene- defective enzyme, inability to break down phenylalanine 1/15,000 births in the US Symptoms: mental retardation, seizures, lack of pigment in skin and hair, musty/black urine Inheritance: Chromosome 12- recessive Treatment: Phenyl Free, no meat/low protein diet Prevention: Screen infants at birth- check for levels of Phenylalanine (High) Heel Prick Test
38
2nd Law of Probability calculation
1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36 1/36 + 1/36 = 2/36
39
Codominance
2 Capital letters, 3 phenotypes–> Blend Sickle Cell
40
How are Malaria and Sickle Cell related?
Mosquitos can't breed in sickle cells
41
Cystic fibrosis Symptoms, Cause, Treatment, Transmission, Diagnosis
Lung issues, breathing problems,coughing, mucus build-up, salty sweat Recessive mutated gene that is inherited from a parent Lots of meds/drugs, breathing machine RNA Therapy Gene Transfer Gene Editing Both parents have to have the recessive mutated gene, it is then passed down to the kid Genetic screening, blood test, Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling

AP HUG (3 decks)

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